Abstract
The introduction of organic systemic insecticides has led to a number of new methods of application for control of foliage-feeding insect pests, among which, various types of soil treatment are of importance. In evaluating the efficiency of soil treatments in the field it has been noted that the effectiveness of these applications often depends upon soil conditions. Therefore, experiments were conducted to determine 1) the effect of various soil types upon systemic insecticide absorption by plants from the soil, and 2) the characteristics of soil which bind the insecticides against the leaching action of water. The absorption of some systemic insecticides by peas from four soils and two sands was measured by aphid bioassay and anticholincstcrase analysis. Greater residues and longer periods of insect kill resulted from soil drench applications to sands and sandy soil than from applications to other soils (silt loam, clay loam, and muck). Pea aphid (Macrosiphum pisi (Harris)) control from soil treatments with Phosdrin varied from 2 days on plants grown in loam and muck to 19 days on plants in sand. Likewise, demeton and phorate, formerly designated Thimet® (0,0-diethyl S-(ethylthio) methyl phosphorodithioate), were most effective in the sands and least effective in the muck, with insect kill from 10 to 100% occurring on peas in all soils and sands at 41 days after treatment. Schradan was also more effective in treated sands and sandy soils. Because of its slow toxicological action schradan provided low insect mortality when counts were taken 24 hours after the insects were subjected to treated plants. Unlike the other insecticides, Isolan® (dimethyl 5-(1-isopropyl-3-methyl-pyrazolyl) carbamate) was absorbed in greater amounts by peas from the muck than from either of the loam soils. Anticholinesterase analysis of pea plants from Isolan and Phosdrin® (1-rnethoxycarbonyl-1-propen-2-yl dimethyl phosphate, 60% technical) treated soils gave results comparable with those obtained by insect bioassay. The binding of an insecticide in soil was studied by leaching radioactive Phosdrin through columns of 12 soils. The largest amounts of Phosdrin were bound by peat (127 micrograms per 100 grams of soil), with less being bound by heavy loam soils (10 to 27 micrograms per 100 grams of soil) and the least by sandy soils (3 to 8 micrograms per 100 grams of soil). The amount of Phosdrin bound by the various soils correlated in a positive manner with the base exchange capacity, organic matter content and nitrogen content, but it was concluded that the organic matter content was primarily responsible for insecticide binding. Other chemical and physical properties of the soil did not correlate with the binding of Phosdrin.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Soil drenches in sands and sandy soil produced greater insecticide residues than in other soils.
- Taxon
- peas
Lathyrus oleraceuse1 - Treatment
- soil drench applications to sands and sandy soile0
- Outcome
- residuese0
- Direction
- Greatere0
- Comparator
- other soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Greater residues and longer periods of insect kill resulted from soil drench applications to sands and sandy soil than from applications to other soils (silt loam, clay loam, and muck)”
e1“absorption of some systemic insecticides by peas”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil drenches in sands and sandy soil produced longer periods of insect kill than in other soils.
- Taxon
- peasLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- soil drench applications to sands and sandy soile0
- Outcome
- periods of insect kille0
- Direction
- longere0
- Comparator
- other soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Greater residues and longer periods of insect kill resulted from soil drench applications to sands and sandy soil than from applications to other soils (silt loam, clay loam, and muck)”
e1“absorption of some systemic insecticides by peas”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosdrin pea aphid control lasted 2 days in loam and muck.
- Taxon
- peasLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- soil treatments with Phosdrine0
- Interactor
- Pea aphid (Macrosiphum pisi (Harris))
-PLoS.jpg?width=60)
Acyrthosiphon pisume0pest - Outcome
- Pea aphid (Macrosiphum pisi (Harris)) controle0
- Value
- 2 dayse0
- Setting
- loam and mucke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
-PLoS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Pea aphid (Macrosiphum pisi (Harris)) control from soil treatments with Phosdrin varied from 2 days on plants grown in loam and muck to 19 days on plants in sand”
e1“by peas from four soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosdrin pea aphid control lasted 19 days in sand.
- Taxon
- peasLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- soil treatments with Phosdrine0
- Interactor
- Pea aphid (Macrosiphum pisi (Harris))Acyrthosiphon pisume0pest
- Outcome
- Pea aphid (Macrosiphum pisi (Harris)) controle0
- Value
- 19 dayse0
- Setting
- sande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pea aphid (Macrosiphum pisi (Harris)) control from soil treatments with Phosdrin varied from 2 days on plants grown in loam and muck to 19 days on plants in sand”
e1“by peas from four soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Demeton was most effective in sands and least effective in muck.
- Taxon
- peasLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- demetone0
- Outcome
- most effectivee0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Comparator
- mucke0
- Setting
- sandse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“demeton and phorate, formerly designated Thimet® (0,0-diethyl S-(ethylthio) methyl phosphorodithioate), were most effective in the sands and least effective in the muck”
e1“occurring on peas in all soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Phorate was most effective in sands and least effective in muck.
- Taxon
- peasLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- phoratee0
- Outcome
- most effectivee0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Comparator
- mucke0
- Setting
- sandse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“demeton and phorate, formerly designated Thimet® (0,0-diethyl S-(ethylthio) methyl phosphorodithioate), were most effective in the sands and least effective in the muck”
e1“occurring on peas in all soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Demeton and phorate produced 10 to 100% insect kill after 41 days.
- Taxon
- peasLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Outcome
- insect kille0
- Value
- 10 to 100%e0
- Qualifier
- at 41 days after treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with insect kill from 10 to 100% occurring on peas in all soils and sands at 41 days after treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Schradan was more effective in treated sands and sandy soils.
- Taxon
- peasLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- Schradane0
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Setting
- sands and sandy soilse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Schradan was also more effective in treated sands and sandy soils”
e1“by peas from four soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Schradan yielded low insect mortality at the 24-hour count.
- Taxon
- peasLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Outcome
- insect mortalitye0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Qualifier
- 24 hourse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“schradan provided low insect mortality when counts were taken 24 hours after the insects were subjected to treated plants”
e1“by peas from four soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Peas absorbed more Isolan from muck than from either loam soil.
- Taxon
- peasLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- Isolan®e0
- Outcome
- absorbede0
- Direction
- greater amountse0
- Comparator
- loam soilse0
- Setting
- mucke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isolan® (dimethyl 5-(1-isopropyl-3-methyl-pyrazolyl) carbamate) was absorbed in greater amounts by peas from the muck than from either of the loam soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Anticholinesterase and insect bioassay results for Isolan and Phosdrin treated peas were comparable.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Outcome
- results comparablee0
- Comparator
- insect bioassaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anticholinesterase analysis of pea plants from Isolan and Phosdrin® (1-rnethoxycarbonyl-1-propen-2-yl dimethyl phosphate, 60% technical) treated soils gave results comparable with those obtained by insect bioassay”
Claim · model-written summary
Peat bound 127 micrograms of Phosdrin per 100 grams of soil.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The largest amounts of Phosdrin were bound by peat (127 micrograms per 100 grams of soil)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy loam soils bound 10 to 27 micrograms of Phosdrin per 100 grams of soil.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“less being bound by heavy loam soils (10 to 27 micrograms per 100 grams of soil)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sandy soils bound 3 to 8 micrograms of Phosdrin per 100 grams of soil.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the least by sandy soils (3 to 8 micrograms per 100 grams of soil)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosdrin soil binding correlated positively with base exchange capacity.
- Outcome
- amount of Phosdrin bounde0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- base exchange capacitye0
- Setting
- various soilse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The amount of Phosdrin bound by the various soils correlated in a positive manner with the base exchange capacity, organic matter content and nitrogen content”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosdrin soil binding correlated positively with organic matter content.
- Outcome
- amount of Phosdrin bounde0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- organic matter contente0
- Setting
- various soilse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The amount of Phosdrin bound by the various soils correlated in a positive manner with the base exchange capacity, organic matter content and nitrogen content”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosdrin soil binding correlated positively with nitrogen content.
- Outcome
- amount of Phosdrin bounde0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- nitrogen contente0
- Setting
- various soilse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The amount of Phosdrin bound by the various soils correlated in a positive manner with the base exchange capacity, organic matter content and nitrogen content”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed insecticide binding primarily to soil organic matter.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“it was concluded that the organic matter content was primarily responsible for insecticide binding”
Claim · model-written summary
Other soil chemical and physical properties did not correlate with Phosdrin binding.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Other chemical and physical properties of the soil did not correlate with the binding of Phosdrin”
The same questions in other papers
application · pest · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.