Abstract
Abstract Spray deposit assessments were made on the leaf surfaces in the top, middle and base zones of intensively grown apple trees sprayed by the conventional largevolume automatic method applying 2250 litres/ha and by fast overhead methods with nozzle booms applying 1125 litres/ha and with mist‐blowing equipment applying 562 litres/ha. Qualitative assessment of spray cover, using a 0.05% suspension of Saturn Yellow fluorescent tracer showed that whereas the conventional method gave heavy cover on upper and lower surfaces in all zones, the two overhead methods gave heavier cover on the upper surfaces than on the lower and that an appreciable proportion of the lower surfaces especially in the base zone on trees sprayed by the overhead mist‐blower had no fluorescent deposit. Quantitative assessments of copper spray deposits by colorimetric estimations separately on upper and lower surfaces agreed in general with the fluorescent tracer indications, especially the much greater deposits on the upper surfaces on the trees sprayed from overhead. Monitoring of captan spray deposits before and after each successive fungicide application through the season showed that in the three zones the residual and cumulative deposits from the conventional automatic applications were heavier and more uniform than those from the overhead methods which gave lighter deposits on the middle and base zones. In the intervals during which rain fell, most of the captan deposit levels from all methods of spraying were reduced by >70%, whereas during a rainless interval the reduction was 0–45%. The reduction of captan deposit levels during the rainy intervals was significantly greater on the trees sprayed from overhead than on the conventionally sprayed ones. There was a correlation between the percentage loss of captan and the rainfall in the intervals.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional spraying gave heavy cover on both leaf surfaces in all crown zones.
- Taxon
- apple trees
Malus domesticat0 - Organ / stage
- upper and lower surfacese0
- Treatment
- conventional methode0
- Outcome
- heavy covere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the conventional method gave heavy cover on upper and lower surfaces in all zones”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
The overhead methods gave heavier cover on upper than lower leaf surfaces.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- two overhead methodse0
- Outcome
- covere0
- Direction
- heaviere0
- Comparator
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the two overhead methods gave heavier cover on the upper surfaces than on the lower”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Many lower leaf surfaces in the base zone lacked deposit after overhead mist blowing.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- lower surfacese0
- Treatment
- overhead mist‐blowere0
- Outcome
- no fluorescent deposite0
- Qualifier
- base zonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an appreciable proportion of the lower surfaces especially in the base zone on trees sprayed by the overhead mist‐blower had no fluorescent deposit”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper deposit measurements generally agreed with tracer assessments, particularly the upper surface excess under overhead spraying.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- upper surfacese0
- Treatment
- sprayed from overheade0
- Outcome
- copper spray depositse0
- Direction
- much greatere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Quantitative assessments of copper spray deposits by colorimetric estimations separately on upper and lower surfaces agreed in general with the fluorescent tracer indications, especially the much greater deposits on the upper surfaces on the trees sprayed from overhead.”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional application produced heavier and more uniform residual and cumulative captan deposits than overhead methods.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- conventional automatic applicationse0
- Outcome
- residual and cumulative depositse0
- Direction
- heavier and more uniforme0
- Comparator
- overhead methodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the residual and cumulative deposits from the conventional automatic applications were heavier and more uniform than those from the overhead methods which gave lighter deposits on the middle and base zones”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Overhead methods left lighter captan deposits in middle and base zones.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- overhead methodse0
- Outcome
- depositse0
- Direction
- lightere0
- Qualifier
- middle and base zonese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“overhead methods which gave lighter deposits on the middle and base zones”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainy intervals reduced most captan deposits by more than 70%.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- captan deposit levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- >70%e0
- Qualifier
- rain felle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“during which rain fell, most of the captan deposit levels from all methods of spraying were reduced by >70%”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
During a rainless interval, captan deposits declined by 0–45%.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 0–45%e0
- Qualifier
- rainless intervale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“during a rainless interval the reduction was 0–45%”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainy interval captan losses were greater with overhead than conventional spraying.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- sprayed from overheade0
- Outcome
- reduction of captan deposit levelse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- rainy intervalse0
- Comparator
- conventionally sprayede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction of captan deposit levels during the rainy intervals was significantly greater on the trees sprayed from overhead than on the conventionally sprayed ones.”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Percentage loss of captan correlated with rainfall between applications.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- percentage loss of captane0
- Setting
- rainfall in the intervalse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a correlation between the percentage loss of captan and the rainfall in the intervals.”
t0“apple trees”
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