Abstract
Abstract Effect of boron (B) fertilization of ‘Elstar'’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) on yield and fruit quality was examined. The experiment was carried out during 1994–1996. ‘Elstar’ apple trees were grafted on M.26 rootstock and planted in autumn 1991 at 4x2 m apart, on sandy loam soil. In the experiment, the following B treatments were applied: (i) to the soil at a rate of 2 g B per tree, (ii) spray application of B three times before bloom at a rate of 0.67g B per tree, (iii) spray application with B after bloom at a rate of 0.67g B per tree, and (iv) apple trees without any B fertilization (control). All B treatments increased B concentration in apple fruits compared to the control. However, the most extensive increase of B concentration in fruits was observed from B sprays after bloom and soil B application. Boron sprays after bloom increased fruit set and apple yield. No significant differences between treatments in fruit weight losses during storage, number of apples infected by Penicillium sp., Monilina sp. and Botrytis cinerea were noted. Boron sprays after bloom decreased mean fruit weight, fruit firmness after storage, and increased calcium (Ca) concentration in apples, and sensitivity of fruits to bitter pit, internal breakdown, and Gloeosporium‐rot. Soil B application increased apple Ca concentration and decreased fruits with bitter pit, internal breakdown and Gloeosporium‐rot.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
All boron treatments increased fruit boron concentration relative to control.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- B treatmentse0
- Outcome
- B concentration in apple fruitse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All B treatments increased B concentration in apple fruits compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron sprays after bloom and soil application gave the greatest fruit boron concentration increases.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- B sprays after bloom and soil B applicatione0
- Outcome
- B concentration in fruitse0
- Direction
- most extensive increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most extensive increase of B concentration in fruits was observed from B sprays after bloom and soil B application”
t0“Apple yield and fruit quality as influenced by boron applications”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron sprays after bloom increased fruit set.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Boron sprays after bloome0
- Outcome
- fruit sete0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Boron sprays after bloom increased fruit set and apple yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron sprays after bloom increased apple yield.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Boron sprays after bloome0
- Outcome
- apple yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Boron sprays after bloom increased fruit set and apple yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments did not differ significantly in fruit weight losses during storage.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- fruit weight losses during storagee0
- Direction
- No significant differencese0
- Comparator
- treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant differences between treatments in fruit weight losses during storage”
t0“Apple yield and fruit quality as influenced by boron applications”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments did not differ significantly in apples infected by Penicillium sp.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- Penicillium sp.
Penicilliume0pathogen - Outcome
- number of apples infected by Penicillium sp.e0
- Direction
- No significant differencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant differences between treatments in fruit weight losses during storage, number of apples infected by Penicillium sp., Monilina sp. and Botrytis cinerea were noted”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments did not differ significantly in apples infected by Monilina sp.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- Monilina sp.e0pathogen
- Outcome
- number of apples infectede0
- Direction
- No significant differencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant differences between treatments in fruit weight losses during storage, number of apples infected by Penicillium sp., Monilina sp. and Botrytis cinerea were noted”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments did not differ significantly in apples infected by Botrytis cinerea.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- number of apples infectede0
- Direction
- No significant differencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant differences between treatments in fruit weight losses during storage, number of apples infected by Penicillium sp., Monilina sp. and Botrytis cinerea were noted”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron sprays after bloom decreased mean fruit weight and firmness after storage.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Boron sprays after bloome0
- Outcome
- mean fruit weight, fruit firmness after storagee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Boron sprays after bloom decreased mean fruit weight, fruit firmness after storage”
t0“Apple yield and fruit quality as influenced by boron applications”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron sprays after bloom increased calcium concentration in apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Boron sprays after bloome0
- Outcome
- calcium (Ca) concentration in applese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Boron sprays after bloom decreased mean fruit weight, fruit firmness after storage, and increased calcium (Ca) concentration in apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron sprays after bloom increased fruit sensitivity to bitter pit and internal breakdown.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Boron sprays after bloome0
- Outcome
- sensitivity of fruits to bitter pit, internal breakdowne0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Boron sprays after bloom decreased mean fruit weight, fruit firmness after storage, and increased calcium (Ca) concentration in apples, and sensitivity of fruits to bitter pit, internal breakdown, and Gloeosporium‐rot”
t0“Apple yield and fruit quality as influenced by boron applications”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil boron application increased apple calcium concentration.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Soil B applicatione0
- Outcome
- apple Ca concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil B application increased apple Ca concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil boron application decreased bitter pit, internal breakdown and Gloeosporium rot.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Soil B applicatione0
- Outcome
- fruits with bitter pit, internal breakdown and Gloeosporium‐rote0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil B application increased apple Ca concentration and decreased fruits with bitter pit, internal breakdown and Gloeosporium‐rot”
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