Abstract
Boron is an important micronutrient for plants. However, boron is also toxic to cells at high concentrations, although the mechanism of this toxicity is not known. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of boron toxicity on Malus domestica pollen tube growth and its possible regulatory pathway. Our results showed that a high concentration of boron inhibited pollen germination and tube growth and led to the morphological abnormality of pollen tubes. Fluorescent labeling coupled with a scanning ion-selective electrode technique detected that boron toxicity could decrease [Ca(2+)]c and induce the disappearance of the [Ca(2+)]c gradient, which are critical for pollen tube polar growth. Actin filaments were therefore altered by boron toxicity. Immuno-localization and fluorescence labeling, together with fourier-transform infrared analysis, suggested that boron toxicity influenced the accumulation and distribution of callose, de-esterified pectins, esterified pectins, and arabinogalactan proteins in pollen tubes. All of the above results provide new insights into the regulatory role of boron in pollen tube development. In summary, boron likely plays a structural and regulatory role in relation to [Ca(2+)]c, actin cytoskeleton and cell wall components and thus regulates Malus domestica pollen germination and tube polar growth.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
A high concentration of boron inhibited pollen germination and tube growth in Malus domestica.
- Taxon
- Malus domestica
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- a high concentration of borone1
- Outcome
- pollen germination and tube growthe1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“a high concentration of boron inhibited pollen germination and tube growth”
t0“Malus domestica”
Claim · model-written summary
A high concentration of boron led to morphological abnormality of Malus domestica pollen tubes.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- a high concentration of borone1
- Outcome
- morphological abnormality of pollen tubese1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“a high concentration of boron inhibited pollen germination and tube growth and led to the morphological abnormality of pollen tubes”
t0“Malus domestica”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron toxicity could decrease the cytosolic calcium concentration [Ca(2+)]c in Malus domestica pollen tubes.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- boron toxicitye1
- Outcome
- [Ca(2+)]ce1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“boron toxicity could decrease [Ca(2+)]c and induce the disappearance of the [Ca(2+)]c gradient”
t0“Malus domestica”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron toxicity induced the disappearance of the [Ca(2+)]c gradient in Malus domestica pollen tubes.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- boron toxicitye1
- Outcome
- disappearance of the [Ca(2+)]c gradiente1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“boron toxicity could decrease [Ca(2+)]c and induce the disappearance of the [Ca(2+)]c gradient”
t0“Malus domestica”
Claim · model-written summary
Actin filaments were altered by boron toxicity in Malus domestica pollen tubes.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- boron toxicitye1
- Outcome
- Actin filamentse1
- Direction
- alterede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Actin filaments were therefore altered by boron toxicity”
t0“Malus domestica”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron toxicity influenced the accumulation and distribution of callose, de-esterified pectins and esterified pectins in Malus domestica pollen tubes.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- pollen tubese1
- Treatment
- boron toxicitye1
- Outcome
- accumulation and distribution of callose, de-esterified pectins, esterified pectinse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“boron toxicity influenced the accumulation and distribution of callose, de-esterified pectins, esterified pectins, and arabinogalactan proteins in pollen tubes”
t0“Malus domestica”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron toxicity influenced the accumulation and distribution of arabinogalactan proteins in Malus domestica pollen tubes.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- pollen tubese1
- Treatment
- boron toxicitye1
- Outcome
- arabinogalactan proteinse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“boron toxicity influenced the accumulation and distribution of callose, de-esterified pectins, esterified pectins, and arabinogalactan proteins in pollen tubes”
t0“Malus domestica”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that boron likely plays a structural and regulatory role in relation to [Ca(2+)]c, actin cytoskeleton and cell wall components, and thus regulates Malus domestica pollen germination and tube polar growth.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- borone1
- Outcome
- pollen germination and tube polar growthe1
- Qualifier
- structural and regulatory role in relation to [Ca(2+)]c, actin cytoskeleton and cell wall componentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“boron likely plays a structural and regulatory role in relation to [Ca(2+)]c, actin cytoskeleton and cell wall components and thus regulates Malus domestica pollen germination and tube polar growth”
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