Abstract
Abstract Boron (B) is essential for normal plant growth, including pollen tube growth. B deficiency influences various physiological and metabolic processes in plants. However, the underlying mechanism of B deficiency in pollen tube growth is not sufficiently understood. In the present research, the influence of B deficiency on apple ( Malus domestica ) pollen tube growth was studied and the possible regulatory mechanism evaluated. Apple pollen grains were cultured under different concentrations of B. Scanning ion‐selective electrode technique, fluorescence labelling and Fourier‐transform infrared ( FTIR ) analysis were used to detect calcium ion flux, cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ]cyt), actin filaments and cell wall components of pollen tubes. B deficiency inhibited apple pollen germination and induced retardation of tube growth. B deficiency increased extracellular Ca 2+ influx and thus led to increased [Ca 2+ ]cyt in the pollen tube tip. In addition, B deficiency modified actin filament arrangement at the pollen tube apex. B deficiency also altered the deposition of pollen tube wall components. Clear differences were not observed in the distribution patterns of cellulose and callose between control and B deficiency treated pollen tubes. However, B deficiency affected distribution patterns of pectin and arabinogalactan proteins ( AGP ). Clear ring‐like signals of pectins and AGP on control pollen tubes varied according to B deficiency. B deficiency further decreased acid pectins, esterified pectins and AGP content at the tip of the pollen tube, which were supported by changes in chemical composition of the tube walls. B appears to have an active role in pollen tube growth by affecting [Ca 2+ ]cyt, actin filament assembly and pectin and AGP deposition in the pollen tube. These findings provide valuable information that enhances our current understanding of the mechanism regulating pollen tube growth.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
pollen germination changed under boron deficiency.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- B deficiencye0
- Outcome
- pollen germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B deficiency inhibited apple pollen germination and induced retardation of tube growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
tube growth changed under boron deficiency.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- B deficiencye0
- Outcome
- tube growthe0
- Direction
- retardatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B deficiency inhibited apple pollen germination and induced retardation of tube growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
extracellular Ca 2+ influx changed under boron deficiency.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- B deficiencye0
- Outcome
- extracellular Ca 2+ influxe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B deficiency increased extracellular Ca 2+ influx and thus led to increased [Ca 2+ ]cyt in the pollen tube tip.”
e1“B deficiency inhibited apple pollen germination and induced retardation of tube growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
[Ca 2+ ]cyt changed under boron deficiency.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- B deficiencye0
- Outcome
- [Ca 2+ ]cyte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B deficiency increased extracellular Ca 2+ influx and thus led to increased [Ca 2+ ]cyt in the pollen tube tip.”
e1“B deficiency inhibited apple pollen germination and induced retardation of tube growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
actin filament arrangement changed under boron deficiency.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- B deficiencye0
- Outcome
- actin filament arrangemente0
- Direction
- modifiede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B deficiency modified actin filament arrangement at the pollen tube apex.”
e1“B deficiency inhibited apple pollen germination and induced retardation of tube growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
deposition of pollen tube wall components changed under boron deficiency.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- B deficiencye0
- Outcome
- deposition of pollen tube wall componentse0
- Direction
- alterede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B deficiency also altered the deposition of pollen tube wall components.”
e1“B deficiency inhibited apple pollen germination and induced retardation of tube growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
distribution patterns of cellulose and callose changed under boron deficiency.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- B deficiencye0
- Outcome
- distribution patterns of cellulose and callosee0
- Direction
- not observede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clear differences were not observed in the distribution patterns of cellulose and callose between control and B deficiency treated pollen tubes.”
e1“B deficiency inhibited apple pollen germination and induced retardation of tube growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
distribution patterns of pectin and arabinogalactan proteins ( AGP ) changed under boron deficiency.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- B deficiencye0
- Outcome
- distribution patterns of pectin and arabinogalactan proteins ( AGP )e0
- Direction
- affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B deficiency affected distribution patterns of pectin and arabinogalactan proteins ( AGP ).”
e1“B deficiency inhibited apple pollen germination and induced retardation of tube growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
acid pectins, esterified pectins and AGP content changed under boron deficiency.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- B deficiencye0
- Outcome
- acid pectins, esterified pectins and AGP contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B deficiency further decreased acid pectins, esterified pectins and AGP content at the tip of the pollen tube”
e1“B deficiency inhibited apple pollen germination and induced retardation of tube growth.”
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See all 17 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.