Abstract
Summary. Continuous cereal cropping in southern Queensland and northern New South Wales has depleted native soil nitrogen fertility to a level where corrective strategies are required to sustain grain yields and high protein content. The objective of this study was to examine the performance of chickpea in chickpea–wheat rotations in terms of yields, water use and N2 fixation. The effects of sowing time and tillage practice have been studied. Chickpea grain yields varied from 356 kg/ha in 1995 to 2361 kg/ha in 1988; these were significantly correlated with the total rainfall received during the preceding fallow period and crop growth. Almost 48% of total plant production and 30% of total plant nitrogen were below-ground as root biomass. Mean values of water-use efficiency for grain, above-ground dry matter, and total dry matter were 5.9, 14.2 and 29.2 kg/ha.mm, respectively. The water-use efficiency for grain was positively correlated with the total rainfall for the preceding fallow and crop growth period although cultural practices modified water-use efficiency. The potential N2 fixation was estimated to be 0.6 kg nitrogen/ha.mm from 1992 total dry matter nitrogen yields assuming all of the nitrogen contained in chickpea was derived from the atmosphere. Sowing time had a much larger effect on grain yield and N2 fixation by chickpea than tillage practice (conventional tillage and zero tillage) although zero tillage generally increased grain yields. The late May–early June sowing time was found to be the best for chickpea grain yield and N2 fixation since it optimised solar energy use and water use, and minimised frost damage. Nitrogen fixation by chickpea was low, less than 40% nitrogen was derived from atmosphere, representing less than 20 kg nitrogen/ha.year. The potential for N2 fixation was not attained during this period due to below-average rainfall and high soil NO3-N accumulation because of poor utilisation by the preceding wheat crop. Increased soil NO3-N due to residual from fertiliser N applied to the preceding wheat crop further reduced N2 fixation. A simple soil nitrogen balance indicated that at least 60% of crop nitrogen must be obtained from N2 fixation to avoid continued soil nitrogen loss. This did not occur in most years. The generally negative soil nitrogen balance needs to be reversed if chickpea is to be useful in sustainable cropping systems although it is an attractive cash crop. Sowing time and zero tillage practice, possibly combined with more appropriate cultivars, to enhance chickpea biomass, along with low initial soil NO3-N levels, would provide maximum N2 fixation.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Chickpea grain yields varied from 356 kg/ha in 1995 to 2361 kg/ha in 1988.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Outcome
- Chickpea grain yieldse0
- Value
- 356 kg/ha in 1995 to 2361 kg/ha in 1988e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of chickpea”
e0“Chickpea grain yields varied from 356 kg/ha in 1995 to 2361 kg/ha in 1988”
Claim · model-written summary
Chickpea grain yields were significantly correlated with total rainfall over the preceding fallow period and crop growth.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- total rainfall received during the preceding fallow period and crop growthe1
- Outcome
- Chickpea grain yieldse0
- Direction
- significantly correlatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of chickpea”
e0“Chickpea grain yields varied from 356 kg/ha in 1995 to 2361 kg/ha in 1988”
e1“these were significantly correlated with the total rainfall received during the preceding fallow period and crop growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Almost 48% of total chickpea plant production was below-ground as root biomass.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Organ / stage
- below-grounde2
- Outcome
- root biomasse2
- Value
- Almost 48%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of chickpea”
e2“Almost 48% of total plant production and 30% of total plant nitrogen were below-ground as root biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Almost 30% of total chickpea plant nitrogen was below-ground.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Organ / stage
- below-grounde2
- Outcome
- total plant nitrogene2
- Value
- 30%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of chickpea”
e2“Almost 48% of total plant production and 30% of total plant nitrogen were below-ground as root biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-use efficiency for grain of chickpea was 5.9 kg/ha.mm.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- water-use efficiency for graine3
- Value
- 5.9e3
- Qualifier
- kg/ha.mme3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of chickpea”
e3“Mean values of water-use efficiency for grain, above-ground dry matter, and total dry matter were 5.9, 14.2 and 29.2 kg/ha.mm, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-use efficiency of chickpea above-ground dry matter was 14.2 kg/ha.mm.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- above-ground dry mattere3
- Value
- 14.2e3
- Qualifier
- kg/ha.mme3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of chickpea”
e3“Mean values of water-use efficiency for grain, above-ground dry matter, and total dry matter were 5.9, 14.2 and 29.2 kg/ha.mm, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-use efficiency of chickpea total dry matter was 29.2 kg/ha.mm.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- total dry mattere3
- Value
- 29.2e3
- Qualifier
- kg/ha.mme3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of chickpea”
e3“Mean values of water-use efficiency for grain, above-ground dry matter, and total dry matter were 5.9, 14.2 and 29.2 kg/ha.mm, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-use efficiency for grain was positively correlated with total rainfall over the preceding fallow and crop growth period.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- total rainfall for the preceding fallow and crop growth periode4
- Outcome
- water-use efficiency for graine4
- Direction
- positively correlatede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of chickpea”
e4“The water-use efficiency for grain was positively correlated with the total rainfall for the preceding fallow and crop growth period”
Claim · model-written summary
Potential N2 fixation of chickpea was estimated at 0.6 kg nitrogen/ha.mm.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- potential N2 fixatione5
- Value
- 0.6 kg nitrogen/ha.mme5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of chickpea”
e5“The potential N2 fixation was estimated to be 0.6 kg nitrogen/ha.mm”
Claim · model-written summary
Sowing time had a much larger effect on chickpea grain yield and N2 fixation than tillage practice.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Sowing timee6
- Outcome
- grain yield and N2 fixatione6
- Direction
- a much larger effecte6
- Comparator
- tillage practicee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of chickpea”
e6“Sowing time had a much larger effect on grain yield and N2 fixation by chickpea than tillage practice (conventional tillage and zero tillage)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage generally increased chickpea grain yields compared with conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- zero tillagee7
- Outcome
- grain yieldse7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Comparator
- conventional tillagee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of chickpea”
e6“Sowing time had a much larger effect on grain yield and N2 fixation by chickpea than tillage practice (conventional tillage and zero tillage)”
e7“although zero tillage generally increased grain yields”
Claim · model-written summary
The late May to early June sowing time was the best for chickpea grain yield and N2 fixation.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- late May–early June sowing timee1
- Outcome
- grain yield and N2 fixatione1
- Direction
- the beste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of chickpea”
e1“The late May–early June sowing time was found to be the best for chickpea grain yield and N2 fixation”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fixation by chickpea was low, with less than 40% of nitrogen derived from the atmosphere.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- Nitrogen fixation by chickpeae1
- Value
- less than 40%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of chickpea”
e1“Nitrogen fixation by chickpea was low, less than 40% nitrogen was derived from atmosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fixation by chickpea was less than 20 kg nitrogen/ha.year.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- Nitrogen fixation by chickpeae1
- Value
- less than 20 kg nitrogen/ha.yeare2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of chickpea”
e1“Nitrogen fixation by chickpea was low, less than 40% nitrogen was derived from atmosphere”
e2“representing less than 20 kg nitrogen/ha.year”
Claim · model-written summary
The potential for N2 fixation was not attained, likely due to below-average rainfall and high soil NO3-N accumulation.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Compound
- NO3-Ne1
- Outcome
- The potential for N2 fixatione1
- Qualifier
- below-average rainfall and high soil NO3-N accumulatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of chickpea”
e1“The potential for N2 fixation was not attained during this period due to below-average rainfall and high soil NO3-N accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased soil NO3-N from residual fertiliser N applied to the preceding wheat further reduced chickpea N2 fixation.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- fertiliser N applied to the preceding wheat crope1
- Compound
- soil NO3-Ne1
- Outcome
- N2 fixatione1
- Direction
- further reducede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of chickpea”
e1“Increased soil NO3-N due to residual from fertiliser N applied to the preceding wheat crop further reduced N2 fixation”
Claim · model-written summary
In most years, chickpea did not obtain the required share of crop nitrogen from N2 fixation.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- N2 fixatione1
- Qualifier
- This did not occur in most yearse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of chickpea”
e1“A simple soil nitrogen balance indicated that at least 60% of crop nitrogen must be obtained from N2 fixation to avoid continued soil nitrogen loss”
e2“This did not occur in most years”
Claim · model-written summary
At least 60% of crop nitrogen must come from N2 fixation to avoid continued soil nitrogen loss.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- at least 60% of crop nitrogen must be obtained from N2 fixatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of chickpea”
e1“A simple soil nitrogen balance indicated that at least 60% of crop nitrogen must be obtained from N2 fixation to avoid continued soil nitrogen loss”
Claim · model-written summary
The generally negative soil nitrogen balance needs to be reversed for chickpea to be useful in sustainable cropping.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- The generally negative soil nitrogen balance needs to be reversede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of chickpea”
e1“The generally negative soil nitrogen balance needs to be reversed if chickpea is to be useful in sustainable cropping systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Sowing time and zero tillage, with more appropriate cultivars and low initial soil NO3-N, would provide maximum N2 fixation in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Sowing time and zero tillage practicee1
- Outcome
- maximum N2 fixatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield of chickpea”
e1“Sowing time and zero tillage practice, possibly combined with more appropriate cultivars, to enhance chickpea biomass, along with low initial soil NO3-N levels, would provide maximum N2 fixation”
The same questions in other papers
sowing time · symbiosis · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
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See all 7 papers →tillage · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
78 papers in the same direction as this paper · 16 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
93 papers more in this group
See all 97 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.