Abstract
Lammas shoots are flushes formed by some woody species later in the growing season. Having less time to develop, tissue formation is suggested to be incomplete leading to a higher peridermal water loss during consecutive months. In this study, we analysed morphological and anatomical parameters, peridermal conductance to water vapour and the level of native embolism in mid-winter and late-winter of lammas shoots and normal spring shoots of the apple varieties Malus domestica ‘Gala’ and ‘Nicoter’. Lammas shoots showed a significantly higher shoot cross-sectional area due to larger pith and corticular parenchyma areas. In contrast, phloem was significantly thicker in spring shoots. No pronounced differences were observed in xylem and collenchyma thickness or mean hydraulic conduit diameter. The phellem of spring shoots was composed of more suberinised cells compared to lammas shoots, which led to a significantly higher peridermal conductance in the latter. The amount of native embolism in mid-winter did not differ between shoot types, but in late-winter lammas shoots were more embolised than spring shoots. Data show that the restricted vegetation period of lammas shoots affects their development and, in consequence, their transpiration shield. This may also pose a risk for winter desiccation.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Lammas shoots had significantly larger cross-sectional area from larger pith and corticular parenchyma.
- Taxon
- apple trees
Malus domesticat0 - Organ / stage
- Lammas shootse0
- Outcome
- shoot cross-sectional areae0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- spring shootst0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lammas shoots showed a significantly higher shoot cross-sectional area due to larger pith and corticular parenchyma areas.”
t0“apple trees: lammas shoots and spring shoots compared”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring shoots had significantly thicker phloem.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- spring shootse0
- Outcome
- phloeme0
- Direction
- thickere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phloem was significantly thicker in spring shoots.”
t0“apple trees: lammas shoots and spring shoots compared”
Claim · model-written summary
Xylem and collenchyma thickness and mean hydraulic conduit diameter showed no pronounced shoot-type differences.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- xylem and collenchyma thickness or mean hydraulic conduit diametere0
- Direction
- No pronounced differencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No pronounced differences were observed in xylem and collenchyma thickness or mean hydraulic conduit diameter.”
t0“apple trees: lammas shoots and spring shoots compared”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring shoot phellem contained more suberinised cells than lammas shoot phellem.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- phellem of spring shootse0
- Outcome
- suberinised cellse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- lammas shootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The phellem of spring shoots was composed of more suberinised cells compared to lammas shoots”
t0“apple trees: lammas shoots and spring shoots compared”
Claim · model-written summary
Lammas shoots had significantly higher peridermal conductance than spring shoots.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- lammas shootst0
- Outcome
- peridermal conductancee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- spring shootst0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which led to a significantly higher peridermal conductance in the latter.”
t0“apple trees: lammas shoots and spring shoots compared”
Claim · model-written summary
Native embolism did not differ between shoot types in mid-winter.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- native embolisme0
- Direction
- did not differe0
- Qualifier
- mid-wintere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The amount of native embolism in mid-winter did not differ between shoot types”
t0“apple trees: lammas shoots and spring shoots compared”
Claim · model-written summary
Lammas shoots were more embolised than spring shoots in late winter.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- embolisede0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- late-wintere0
- Comparator
- spring shootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in late-winter lammas shoots were more embolised than spring shoots.”
t0“apple trees: lammas shoots and spring shoots compared”