Abstract
Abstract The proportion of straw and grain as well as of nitrogen (N) in the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plant was greatly changed by the distribution of rain in the pre‐ and post‐anthesis periods and by the existence of air temperatures above 30°C during grain filling along with N fertilizer rate. The response of barley to N rates of 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg N/ha was studied over a three‐year period. Adequate rainfall in the pre‐anthesis period, little rain in the post‐anthesis period, and air temperatures above 30°C during the hard dough stage of the grain development, produced high N translocation to the grain as well as a positive response on grain yield and N content in the grain up to a fertilizer rate of 118 N kg/ha. Above this rate, grain yield decreased, while the N content in grain continued to increase. Optimum moisture conditions during the pre‐ and post‐anthesis periods, and mild temperatures during the grain filling period, produced a good grain yield response to N fertilizer rate, increases up to 131 kg N/ha without varying the N content in grain. The N translocation efficiency was somewhat lower than low rainfall in the post‐anthesis period. Low rainfall in the pre‐anthesis period and air temperatures above 30°C in the early milk stage of the grain made grain filling difficult, even when the rainfall was sufficient in the post‐anthesis period. Hence under these conditions, N fertilizer rate did not increase the grain yield, but the N content and the N‐translocation efficiency decreased with increasing N fertilizer rates.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Rain distribution, heat and fertilizer rate changed straw, grain and nitrogen proportions in barley.
- Taxon
- barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Treatment
- N fertilizer ratee0
- Outcome
- proportion of straw and grain as well as of nitrogen (N)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The proportion of straw and grain as well as of nitrogen (N) in the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plant was greatly changed by the distribution of rain in the pre‐ and post‐anthesis periods and by the existence of air temperatures above 30°C during grain filling along with N fertilizer rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Under specified rainfall and heat, nitrogen translocation to grain was high.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- N translocation to the graine0
- Direction
- highe0
- Qualifier
- Adequate rainfall in the pre‐anthesis period, little rain in the post‐anthesis period, and air temperatures above 30°C during the hard dough stage of the grain developmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adequate rainfall in the pre‐anthesis period, little rain in the post‐anthesis period, and air temperatures above 30°C during the hard dough stage of the grain development, produced high N translocation to the grain”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Under those conditions, grain yield responded positively to fertilizer up to 118 N kg/ha.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- fertilizer rate of 118 N kg/hae0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- positive responsee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a positive response on grain yield and N content in the grain up to a fertilizer rate of 118 N kg/ha”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Under those conditions, grain nitrogen content responded positively up to 118 N kg/ha.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- fertilizer rate of 118 N kg/hae0
- Outcome
- N content in the graine0
- Direction
- positive responsee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a positive response on grain yield and N content in the grain up to a fertilizer rate of 118 N kg/ha”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Above that rate, barley grain yield decreased.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Above this ratee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Above this rate, grain yield decreased”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Above that rate, grain nitrogen content continued to increase.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- N content in graine0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the N content in grain continued to increase”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
With optimum moisture and mild temperatures, grain yield increased with fertilizer up to 131 kg N/ha.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- N fertilizer rate, increases up to 131 kg N/hae0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Optimum moisture conditions during the pre‐ and post‐anthesis periods, and mild temperatures during the grain filling period, produced a good grain yield response to N fertilizer rate, increases up to 131 kg N/ha”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
With optimum moisture and mild temperatures, grain nitrogen content did not vary with fertilizer rate.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- N content in graine0
- Direction
- without varyinge0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“without varying the N content in grain”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen translocation efficiency was somewhat lower under optimum moisture than under low post-anthesis rainfall.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- N translocation efficiencye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- low rainfall in the post‐anthesis periode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The N translocation efficiency was somewhat lower than low rainfall in the post‐anthesis period”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Low pre-anthesis rainfall and heat at early milk stage made grain filling difficult despite sufficient post-anthesis rainfall.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- grain filling difficulte0
- Qualifier
- Low rainfall in the pre‐anthesis period and air temperatures above 30°C in the early milk stage of the graine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low rainfall in the pre‐anthesis period and air temperatures above 30°C in the early milk stage of the grain made grain filling difficult, even when the rainfall was sufficient in the post‐anthesis period”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Under those dry and hot conditions, fertilizer did not increase grain yield.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- N fertilizer ratee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N fertilizer rate did not increase the grain yield”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Under those dry and hot conditions, grain nitrogen content decreased as fertilizer rate rose.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- increasing N fertilizer ratese0
- Outcome
- N contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the N content and the N‐translocation efficiency decreased with increasing N fertilizer rates”
t0“winter barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Under those dry and hot conditions, nitrogen translocation efficiency decreased as fertilizer rate rose.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- increasing N fertilizer ratese0
- Outcome
- N‐translocation efficiencye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the N content and the N‐translocation efficiency decreased with increasing N fertilizer rates”
t0“winter barley”
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