Abstract
Abstract Heavy metals are often added indiscriminantly to soils in pesticides, fertilizers, manures, sewage sludges, and mine wastes, causing an imbalance in nutrient elements in soils. Heavy‐metal toxicity causes plant stress in various degrees dependent on the tolerance of the plant to a specific heavy metal. The objectives of this study were (i) to show that plant species and soils respond differently to heavy metals and (ii) to show the necessity for proper quantity and balance of heavy metals in soils for plant growth. Three Fe‐inefficient and three Fe‐efficient selections of soybean, corn, and tomato were grown on two alkaline soils with Cu and Zn ranging from 14 to 340 and Mn from 20 to 480 kg/ha. Heavy‐metal toxicity caused Fe deficiency to develop in these plants. The Fe‐inefficient T3238fer tomato and ys1/ys1 corn developed Fe deficiency on all treatments and both soils. T3238FER tomato (Fe‐efficient) did not develop heavy metal toxicity symptoms on any treatment or soil. The soybean varieties and WF9 corn were intermediate in their response. The unpredictable response of both the soil and the plant to heavy metals make general recommendations difficult. In order to maintain highly productive soils, we need to know what we are adding to soils and the consequences. Without some control, the continued addition of heavy metals to soils is a crisis in embryo.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metal toxicity induced iron deficiency in the tested crops.
- Taxon
- soybean, corn, and tomato
Glycine max
Solanum lycopersicum
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- Heavy‐metal toxicitye0
- Outcome
- Fe deficiencye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three Fe‐inefficient and three Fe‐efficient selections of soybean, corn, and tomato were grown on two alkaline soils with Cu and Zn ranging from 14 to 340 and Mn from 20 to 480 kg/ha. Heavy‐metal toxicity caused Fe deficiency to develop in these plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe inefficient T3238fer tomato developed iron deficiency on all treatments and both soils.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- T3238fere0
- Outcome
- Fe deficiencye0
- Qualifier
- all treatments and both soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Fe‐inefficient T3238fer tomato and ys1/ys1 corn developed Fe deficiency on all treatments and both soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe inefficient ys1/ys1 corn developed iron deficiency on all treatments and both soils.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- ys1/ys1e0
- Outcome
- Fe deficiencye0
- Qualifier
- all treatments and both soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Fe‐inefficient T3238fer tomato and ys1/ys1 corn developed Fe deficiency on all treatments and both soils”
Claim · model-written summary
T3238FER tomato had no heavy metal toxicity symptoms under any treatment or soil.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- T3238FERe0
- Outcome
- did not develop heavy metal toxicity symptomse0
- Qualifier
- any treatment or soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T3238FER tomato (Fe‐efficient) did not develop heavy metal toxicity symptoms on any treatment or soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean varieties had an intermediate response to heavy metals.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- intermediate in their responsee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soybean varieties and WF9 corn were intermediate in their response”
Claim · model-written summary
WF9 corn had an intermediate response to heavy metals.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- WF9e0
- Outcome
- intermediate in their responsee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soybean varieties and WF9 corn were intermediate in their response”
Claim · model-written summary
Variable responses of soils and plants make general recommendations difficult.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaet0
- Outcome
- general recommendations difficulte0
- Qualifier
- unpredictable response of both the soil and the plant to heavy metalse0
Verbatim
e0“The unpredictable response of both the soil and the plant to heavy metals make general recommendations difficult”
t0“plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Maintaining productive soils requires knowing additions and their consequences.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaet0
- Outcome
- know what we are adding to soils and the consequencese0
Verbatim
e0“In order to maintain highly productive soils, we need to know what we are adding to soils and the consequences”
t0“plants”
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See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.