Abstract
Phenolic profiles of a total of 26 berry samples, together with 2 apple samples, were analyzed without hydrolysis of glycosides with HPLC. The phenolic contents among different berry genera varied considerably. Anthocyanins were the main phenolic constituents in bilberry, bog-whortleberry, and cranberry, but in cowberries, belonging also to the family Ericaceae genus Vaccinium, flavanols and procyanidins predominated. In the family Rosaceae genus Rubus (cloudberry and red raspberry), the main phenolics found were ellagitannins, and in genus Fragaria (strawberry), ellagitannins were the second largest group after anthocyanins. However, phenolic acids were dominant in rowanberries (genus Sorbus) and anthocyanins in chokeberry (genus Aronia). In the family Grossulariaceae genus Ribes (currants and gooseberry), anthocyanins predominated, as well as in crowberries (family Empetraceae genus Empetrum). In apples, hydroxycinnamic acids were the main phenolic subgroup. Extraction methods for berries and apples were studied to produce phenolic extracts with high antioxidant activity. Evaluation of antioxidant activity was performed by autoxidazing methyl linoleate (40 degrees C, in the dark). The extraction method affected remarkably both the phenolic composition and the antioxidant activity, but with statistical analysis the observed activity could not be well explained with the contents of individual phenolic subgroups.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolic contents varied considerably among berry genera.
Verbatim
e0“The phenolic contents among different berry genera varied considerably.”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanins were the main phenolic constituents in bilberry, bog-whortleberry, and cranberry.
Verbatim
e0“Anthocyanins were the main phenolic constituents in bilberry, bog-whortleberry, and cranberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Flavanols and procyanidins predominated in cowberries.
- Taxon
- cowberries
Vaccinium vitis-idaeae0 - Outcome
- flavanols and procyanidins predominatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in cowberries, belonging also to the family Ericaceae genus Vaccinium, flavanols and procyanidins predominated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ellagitannins were the main phenolics in cloudberry and red raspberry.
Verbatim
e0“In the family Rosaceae genus Rubus (cloudberry and red raspberry), the main phenolics found were ellagitannins”
Claim · model-written summary
Ellagitannins were the second largest phenolic group after anthocyanins in strawberry.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae0 - Outcome
- ellagitannins were the second largest group after anthocyaninse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“in genus Fragaria (strawberry), ellagitannins were the second largest group after anthocyanins.”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolic acids dominated in rowanberries.
Verbatim
e0“phenolic acids were dominant in rowanberries (genus Sorbus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanins dominated in chokeberry.
- Outcome
- anthocyaninse0
.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
PhotiniaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“anthocyanins in chokeberry (genus Aronia)”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanins predominated in currants and gooseberry.
Verbatim
e0“In the family Grossulariaceae genus Ribes (currants and gooseberry), anthocyanins predominated”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanins predominated in crowberries.
Verbatim
e0“In the family Grossulariaceae genus Ribes (currants and gooseberry), anthocyanins predominated, as well as in crowberries (family Empetraceae genus Empetrum).”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroxycinnamic acids were the main phenolic subgroup in apples.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticae0 - Outcome
- hydroxycinnamic acids were the main phenolic subgroupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In apples, hydroxycinnamic acids were the main phenolic subgroup.”
Claim · model-written summary
Extraction method markedly affected phenolic composition and antioxidant activity.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The extraction method affected remarkably both the phenolic composition and the antioxidant activity”
t0“Berry”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual phenolic subgroup contents did not explain antioxidant activity well in the statistical analysis.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“with statistical analysis the observed activity could not be well explained with the contents of individual phenolic subgroups.”
t0“Berry”