Abstract
When glyphosate is applied to glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops, drift to nonglyphosate-resistant (non-GR) crops may cause significant injury and reduce yields. Tools are needed to quantify injury and predict crop losses. In this study, glyphosate drift was simulated by direct application at 12.5% of the recommended label rate to non-GR corn (Zea mays L.) at 3 or 6 weeks after planting (WAP) during two field seasons in the Mississippi delta region of the southeastern USA. Visual plant injury, shikimate accumulation, nitrate reductase activity, leaf nitrogen, yield, and seed composition were evaluated. Effects were also evaluated in GR corn and GR corn with stacked glufosinate-resistant gene at the recommended label rate at 3 and 6 WAP. Glyphosate at 105 g ae/ha was applied once at 3 or 6 weeks after planting to non-GR corn. Glyphosate at 840 (lower label limit) or 1260 (upper label limit) g ae/ha was applied twice at 3 and 6 WAP to transgenic corn. Glyphosate caused injury (45-55%) and increased shikimate levels (24-86%) in non-GR compared to nontreated corn. In non-GR corn, glyphosate drift did not affect starch content but increased seed protein 8-21% while reducing leaf nitrogen reductase activity 46-64%, leaf nitrogen 7-16%, grain yield 49-54%, and seed oil 18-23%. In GR and GR stacked with glufosinate-resistant corn, glyphosate applied at label rates did not affect corn yield, leaf and seed nitrogen, or seed composition (protein, oil, and starch content). Yet, nitrate reductase activity was reduced 5-19% with glyphosate at 840 + 840 g/ha rate and 8-42% with glyphosate at 1260 + 1260 g/ha rate in both GR and GR stacked corn. These results demonstrate the potential for severe yield loss in non-GR corn exposed to glyphosate drift.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated glyphosate drift caused about 45-55% injury in non-GR corn compared with nontreated corn.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse1 - Material
- non-GRe2
- Treatment
- glyphosate drifte1
- Outcome
- injurye2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 45-55%e2
- Comparator
- nontreated corne2
- Setting
- Mississippi delta region of the southeastern USAe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“glyphosate drift was simulated by direct application at 12.5% of the recommended label rate to non-GR corn (Zea mays L.) at 3 or 6 weeks after planting (WAP) during two field seasons in the Mississippi delta region of the southeastern USA”
e2“Glyphosate caused injury (45-55%) and increased shikimate levels (24-86%) in non-GR compared to nontreated corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated glyphosate drift increased shikimate levels by 24-86% in non-GR corn compared with nontreated corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Material
- non-GRe2
- Treatment
- glyphosate drifte1
- Outcome
- shikimate levelse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 24-86%e2
- Comparator
- nontreated corne2
- Setting
- Mississippi delta region of the southeastern USAe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“glyphosate drift was simulated by direct application at 12.5% of the recommended label rate to non-GR corn (Zea mays L.) at 3 or 6 weeks after planting (WAP) during two field seasons in the Mississippi delta region of the southeastern USA”
e2“Glyphosate caused injury (45-55%) and increased shikimate levels (24-86%) in non-GR compared to nontreated corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated glyphosate drift did not affect starch content of non-GR corn seed.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Material
- non-GRe3
- Treatment
- glyphosate drifte3
- Outcome
- starch contente3
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede3
- Setting
- Mississippi delta region of the southeastern USAe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“glyphosate drift was simulated by direct application at 12.5% of the recommended label rate to non-GR corn (Zea mays L.) at 3 or 6 weeks after planting (WAP) during two field seasons in the Mississippi delta region of the southeastern USA”
e3“In non-GR corn, glyphosate drift did not affect starch content but increased seed protein 8-21% while reducing leaf nitrogen reductase activity 46-64%, leaf nitrogen 7-16%, grain yield 49-54%, and seed oil 18-23%”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated glyphosate drift increased seed protein by 8-21% in non-GR corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Material
- non-GRe3
- Treatment
- glyphosate drifte3
- Outcome
- seed proteine3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 8-21%e3
- Setting
- Mississippi delta region of the southeastern USAe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“glyphosate drift was simulated by direct application at 12.5% of the recommended label rate to non-GR corn (Zea mays L.) at 3 or 6 weeks after planting (WAP) during two field seasons in the Mississippi delta region of the southeastern USA”
e3“In non-GR corn, glyphosate drift did not affect starch content but increased seed protein 8-21% while reducing leaf nitrogen reductase activity 46-64%, leaf nitrogen 7-16%, grain yield 49-54%, and seed oil 18-23%”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated glyphosate drift reduced leaf nitrate reductase activity by 46-64% in non-GR corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Material
- non-GRe3
- Treatment
- glyphosate drifte3
- Outcome
- leaf nitrogen reductase activitye3
- Direction
- reducinge3
- Value
- 46-64%e3
- Setting
- Mississippi delta region of the southeastern USAe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“glyphosate drift was simulated by direct application at 12.5% of the recommended label rate to non-GR corn (Zea mays L.) at 3 or 6 weeks after planting (WAP) during two field seasons in the Mississippi delta region of the southeastern USA”
e3“In non-GR corn, glyphosate drift did not affect starch content but increased seed protein 8-21% while reducing leaf nitrogen reductase activity 46-64%, leaf nitrogen 7-16%, grain yield 49-54%, and seed oil 18-23%”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated glyphosate drift reduced leaf nitrogen by 7-16% in non-GR corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Material
- non-GRe3
- Treatment
- glyphosate drifte3
- Outcome
- leaf nitrogene3
- Direction
- reducinge3
- Value
- 7-16%e3
- Setting
- Mississippi delta region of the southeastern USAe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“glyphosate drift was simulated by direct application at 12.5% of the recommended label rate to non-GR corn (Zea mays L.) at 3 or 6 weeks after planting (WAP) during two field seasons in the Mississippi delta region of the southeastern USA”
e3“In non-GR corn, glyphosate drift did not affect starch content but increased seed protein 8-21% while reducing leaf nitrogen reductase activity 46-64%, leaf nitrogen 7-16%, grain yield 49-54%, and seed oil 18-23%”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated glyphosate drift reduced grain yield by 49-54% in non-GR corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Material
- non-GRe3
- Treatment
- glyphosate drifte3
- Outcome
- grain yielde3
- Direction
- reducinge3
- Value
- 49-54%e3
- Setting
- Mississippi delta region of the southeastern USAe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“glyphosate drift was simulated by direct application at 12.5% of the recommended label rate to non-GR corn (Zea mays L.) at 3 or 6 weeks after planting (WAP) during two field seasons in the Mississippi delta region of the southeastern USA”
e3“In non-GR corn, glyphosate drift did not affect starch content but increased seed protein 8-21% while reducing leaf nitrogen reductase activity 46-64%, leaf nitrogen 7-16%, grain yield 49-54%, and seed oil 18-23%”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated glyphosate drift reduced seed oil by 18-23% in non-GR corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Material
- non-GRe3
- Treatment
- glyphosate drifte3
- Outcome
- seed oile3
- Direction
- reducinge3
- Value
- 18-23%e3
- Setting
- Mississippi delta region of the southeastern USAe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“glyphosate drift was simulated by direct application at 12.5% of the recommended label rate to non-GR corn (Zea mays L.) at 3 or 6 weeks after planting (WAP) during two field seasons in the Mississippi delta region of the southeastern USA”
e3“In non-GR corn, glyphosate drift did not affect starch content but increased seed protein 8-21% while reducing leaf nitrogen reductase activity 46-64%, leaf nitrogen 7-16%, grain yield 49-54%, and seed oil 18-23%”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate at label rates did not affect corn yield in GR and GR-stacked corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse4
- Material
- GR and GR stacked with glufosinate-resistant corne4
- Treatment
- glyphosate applied at label ratese4
- Outcome
- corn yielde4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In GR and GR stacked with glufosinate-resistant corn, glyphosate applied at label rates did not affect corn yield, leaf and seed nitrogen, or seed composition (protein, oil, and starch content)”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate at label rates did not affect leaf and seed nitrogen in GR and GR-stacked corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse4
- Material
- GR and GR stacked with glufosinate-resistant corne4
- Treatment
- glyphosate applied at label ratese4
- Outcome
- leaf and seed nitrogene4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In GR and GR stacked with glufosinate-resistant corn, glyphosate applied at label rates did not affect corn yield, leaf and seed nitrogen, or seed composition (protein, oil, and starch content)”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate at label rates did not affect seed composition in GR and GR-stacked corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse4
- Material
- GR and GR stacked with glufosinate-resistant corne4
- Treatment
- glyphosate applied at label ratese4
- Outcome
- seed compositione4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
- Qualifier
- protein, oil, and starch contente4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In GR and GR stacked with glufosinate-resistant corn, glyphosate applied at label rates did not affect corn yield, leaf and seed nitrogen, or seed composition (protein, oil, and starch content)”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate at 840 + 840 g/ha reduced nitrate reductase activity by 5-19% in GR and GR-stacked corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse5
- Material
- GR and GR stacked corne5
- Treatment
- glyphosate at 840 + 840 g/ha ratee5
- Outcome
- nitrate reductase activitye5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 5-19%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Yet, nitrate reductase activity was reduced 5-19% with glyphosate at 840 + 840 g/ha rate and 8-42% with glyphosate at 1260 + 1260 g/ha rate in both GR and GR stacked corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate at 1260 + 1260 g/ha reduced nitrate reductase activity by 8-42% in GR and GR-stacked corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse5
- Material
- GR and GR stacked corne5
- Treatment
- glyphosate at 1260 + 1260 g/ha ratee5
- Outcome
- nitrate reductase activitye5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 8-42%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Yet, nitrate reductase activity was reduced 5-19% with glyphosate at 840 + 840 g/ha rate and 8-42% with glyphosate at 1260 + 1260 g/ha rate in both GR and GR stacked corn”
The same questions in other papers
glyphosate · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
34 papers in the same direction as this paper · 42 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
73 papers more in this group
See all 77 papers →glyphosate · crop injury · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
14 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →glyphosate · quality: general · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.