Abstract
Apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) wint, and apple powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. and Ev.), are the most important diseases of apples in Uganda. Control of apple scab and powdery mildew require the application of fungicides in absence of resistant apple cultivars. This study was conducted to identify effective control fungicides and to document the status of these diseases in south western Uganda. The survey results of 2012 indicated that scab incidence was highest in districts of Kanungu (71.90%), followed by Kisoro (48.14%), Kabale (41.03%), Buhweju (29.23%), Mbarara (28.75%) and Rukungiri (17.80%). The severity of apple scab measured as percentage leaf area affected ranged from 20.12 to 76.19%. Powdery mildew incidence ranged from 30.00 to 70.00% with severity score ranging from 14.63 to 76.19%. Fungicides containing propineb (70% a.i), metalazyl (4% a.i) + macozeb (64% a.i), and bupirimate (25% a.i) were found to be effective at controlling apple scab with potential to reduce the disease severity by 61.11, 61.11 and 58.33%, respectively, while fungicides containing bupirimate (25% a.i), tebuconazole (43% a.i) and propineb (58% a.i) + cymoxanil (4.8% a.i) were more effective in the control of powdery mildew with potential to reduce the infection by 55.95, 39.12 and 20.84%, respectively. Key words: Apple scab, powdery mildew and fungicides.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Apple scab incidence was highest in Kanungu at 71.90%.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticat0 - Interactor
- Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) wint
Venturia inaequalise1pathogen - Outcome
- scab incidencee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 71.90%e0
- Setting
- Kanungue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“scab incidence was highest in districts of Kanungu (71.90%)”
t0“apple scab and powdery mildew infecting apples in Uganda”
e1“Apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) wint, and apple powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. and Ev.), are the most important diseases of apples in Uganda.”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple scab incidence was 48.14% in Kisoro.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) wintVenturia inaequalise1pathogen
- Outcome
- scab incidencee2
- Value
- 48.14%e0
- Setting
- Kisoroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kisoro (48.14%)”
e2“scab incidence was highest in districts of Kanungu (71.90%)”
t0“apple scab and powdery mildew infecting apples in Uganda”
e1“Apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) wint, and apple powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. and Ev.), are the most important diseases of apples in Uganda.”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple scab incidence was 41.03% in Kabale.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- scab incidencee2
- Value
- 41.03%e0
- Setting
- Kabalee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kabale (41.03%)”
e2“scab incidence was highest in districts of Kanungu (71.90%)”
t0“apple scab and powdery mildew infecting apples in Uganda”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple scab incidence was 29.23% in Buhweju.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- scab incidencee2
- Value
- 29.23%e0
- Setting
- Buhwejue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Buhweju (29.23%)”
e2“scab incidence was highest in districts of Kanungu (71.90%)”
t0“apple scab and powdery mildew infecting apples in Uganda”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple scab incidence was 28.75% in Mbarara.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- scab incidencee2
- Value
- 28.75%e0
- Setting
- Mbararae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mbarara (28.75%)”
e2“scab incidence was highest in districts of Kanungu (71.90%)”
t0“apple scab and powdery mildew infecting apples in Uganda”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple scab incidence was 17.80% in Rukungiri.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- scab incidencee2
- Value
- 17.80%e0
- Setting
- Rukungirie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rukungiri (17.80%)”
e2“scab incidence was highest in districts of Kanungu (71.90%)”
t0“apple scab and powdery mildew infecting apples in Uganda”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple scab severity ranged from 20.12 to 76.19% leaf area affected.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) wintVenturia inaequalise1pathogen
- Outcome
- severity of apple scabe0
- Value
- 20.12 to 76.19%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The severity of apple scab measured as percentage leaf area affected ranged from 20.12 to 76.19%.”
e1“Apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) wint, and apple powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. and Ev.), are the most important diseases of apples in Uganda.”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple powdery mildew incidence ranged from 30.00 to 70.00%.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. and Ev.)
Podosphaera leucotrichae1pathogen - Outcome
- Powdery mildew incidencee0
- Value
- 30.00 to 70.00%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Powdery mildew incidence ranged from 30.00 to 70.00% with severity score ranging from 14.63 to 76.19%.”
t0“apple scab and powdery mildew infecting apples in Uganda”
e1“Apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) wint, and apple powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. and Ev.), are the most important diseases of apples in Uganda.”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple powdery mildew severity score ranged from 14.63 to 76.19%.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. and Ev.)Podosphaera leucotrichae1pathogen
- Outcome
- severity scoree0
- Value
- 14.63 to 76.19%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Powdery mildew incidence ranged from 30.00 to 70.00% with severity score ranging from 14.63 to 76.19%.”
t0“apple scab and powdery mildew infecting apples in Uganda”
e1“Apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) wint, and apple powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. and Ev.), are the most important diseases of apples in Uganda.”
Claim · model-written summary
Propineb fungicide reduced apple scab severity by 61.11%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- propineb (70% a.i)e0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) wintVenturia inaequalise1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 61.11e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungicides containing propineb (70% a.i), metalazyl (4% a.i) + macozeb (64% a.i), and bupirimate (25% a.i) were found to be effective at controlling apple scab with potential to reduce the disease severity by 61.11, 61.11 and 58.33%, respectively”
e1“Apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) wint, and apple powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. and Ev.), are the most important diseases of apples in Uganda.”
Claim · model-written summary
Metalazyl plus macozeb reduced apple scab severity by 61.11%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- metalazyl (4% a.i) + macozeb (64% a.i)e0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 61.11e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungicides containing propineb (70% a.i), metalazyl (4% a.i) + macozeb (64% a.i), and bupirimate (25% a.i) were found to be effective at controlling apple scab with potential to reduce the disease severity by 61.11, 61.11 and 58.33%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Bupirimate reduced apple scab severity by 58.33%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- bupirimate (25% a.i)e0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 58.33%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungicides containing propineb (70% a.i), metalazyl (4% a.i) + macozeb (64% a.i), and bupirimate (25% a.i) were found to be effective at controlling apple scab with potential to reduce the disease severity by 61.11, 61.11 and 58.33%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Bupirimate reduced apple powdery mildew infection by 55.95%.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- bupirimate (25% a.i)e0
- Outcome
- infectione0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 55.95e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fungicides containing bupirimate (25% a.i), tebuconazole (43% a.i) and propineb (58% a.i) + cymoxanil (4.8% a.i) were more effective in the control of powdery mildew with potential to reduce the infection by 55.95, 39.12 and 20.84%, respectively”
t0“apple scab and powdery mildew infecting apples in Uganda”
Claim · model-written summary
Tebuconazole reduced apple powdery mildew infection by 39.12%.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- tebuconazole (43% a.i)e0
- Outcome
- infectione0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 39.12e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fungicides containing bupirimate (25% a.i), tebuconazole (43% a.i) and propineb (58% a.i) + cymoxanil (4.8% a.i) were more effective in the control of powdery mildew with potential to reduce the infection by 55.95, 39.12 and 20.84%, respectively”
t0“apple scab and powdery mildew infecting apples in Uganda”
Claim · model-written summary
Propineb plus cymoxanil reduced apple powdery mildew infection by 20.84%.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- propineb (58% a.i) + cymoxanil (4.8% a.i)e0
- Outcome
- infectione0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 20.84%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fungicides containing bupirimate (25% a.i), tebuconazole (43% a.i) and propineb (58% a.i) + cymoxanil (4.8% a.i) were more effective in the control of powdery mildew with potential to reduce the infection by 55.95, 39.12 and 20.84%, respectively”
t0“apple scab and powdery mildew infecting apples in Uganda”
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