Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) is an apple disease difficult to control, even with the use of chemical fungicides. In years of GLS high pressure, protective fungicides in the chemical group of dithiocarbamates, especially mancozeb, have been used frequently, and even so, the control has not been satisfactory. Because of this scenario, growers have been increasing the frequency of application and the dose recommended on the product label, a situation that will become unsustainable over the years, and resistance of some species belonging to Colletotrichum acutatum species complex to mancozeb has already been observed in Brazil. Our objective was to verify the efficiency of several chemicals' fungicides in the control of GLS in field conditions in three consecutive crop seasons. The experiments were conducted at the Experimental Station of Caador in 2017/2018, 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 crop seasons. The tested fungicides were: mancozeb, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole, fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, chlorothalonil, dithianon, captan, metiram + pyraclostrobin, thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam, fluazinam, metiram, dodine, folpet, and propineb. We assessed the GLS incidence over time, and with these data, the Area Under the Disease Incidence Progress Curve (AUDIPC) and the control efficiency of each treatment were calculated. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replications. The fungicides mancozeb, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole, chlorothalonil, dithianon, captan, thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam, metiram, fluazinam, folpet and propineb showed an efficient control of GLS. The fungicide metiram + pyraclostrobin showed an intermediate control and the fungicides dodine, and fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin were not efficient in GLS control. In general, systemic fungicides were not efficient in GLS control. Protectant fungicides were the most efficient in GSL control, being excellent options to be rotated with the fungicide mancozeb, which is used as a standard in GLS control in Brazil.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
The fungicide mancozeb efficiently controlled Glomerella leaf spot.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae1 - Treatment
- mancozebe0
- Outcome
- control of GLSe0
- Direction
- efficiente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungicides mancozeb, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole, chlorothalonil, dithianon, captan, thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam, metiram, fluazinam, folpet and propineb showed an efficient control of GLS.”
e1“GLS) is an apple disease”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungicide mancozeb + trifloxystrobin efficiently controlled Glomerella leaf spot.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- mancozeb + trifloxystrobine0
- Outcome
- control of GLSe0
- Direction
- efficiente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungicides mancozeb, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole, chlorothalonil, dithianon, captan, thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam, metiram, fluazinam, folpet and propineb showed an efficient control of GLS.”
e1“GLS) is an apple disease”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungicide mancozeb + trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole efficiently controlled Glomerella leaf spot.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- mancozeb + trifloxystrobin + tebuconazolee0
- Outcome
- control of GLSe0
- Direction
- efficiente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungicides mancozeb, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole, chlorothalonil, dithianon, captan, thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam, metiram, fluazinam, folpet and propineb showed an efficient control of GLS.”
e1“GLS) is an apple disease”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungicide chlorothalonil efficiently controlled Glomerella leaf spot.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- chlorothalonile0
- Outcome
- control of GLSe0
- Direction
- efficiente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungicides mancozeb, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole, chlorothalonil, dithianon, captan, thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam, metiram, fluazinam, folpet and propineb showed an efficient control of GLS.”
e1“GLS) is an apple disease”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungicide dithianon efficiently controlled Glomerella leaf spot.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- dithianone0
- Outcome
- control of GLSe0
- Direction
- efficiente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungicides mancozeb, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole, chlorothalonil, dithianon, captan, thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam, metiram, fluazinam, folpet and propineb showed an efficient control of GLS.”
e1“GLS) is an apple disease”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungicide captan efficiently controlled Glomerella leaf spot.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- captane0
- Outcome
- control of GLSe0
- Direction
- efficiente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungicides mancozeb, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole, chlorothalonil, dithianon, captan, thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam, metiram, fluazinam, folpet and propineb showed an efficient control of GLS.”
e1“GLS) is an apple disease”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungicide thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam efficiently controlled Glomerella leaf spot.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- thiophanate-methyl + fluaziname0
- Outcome
- control of GLSe0
- Direction
- efficiente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungicides mancozeb, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole, chlorothalonil, dithianon, captan, thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam, metiram, fluazinam, folpet and propineb showed an efficient control of GLS.”
e1“GLS) is an apple disease”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungicide metiram efficiently controlled Glomerella leaf spot.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- metirame0
- Outcome
- control of GLSe0
- Direction
- efficiente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungicides mancozeb, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole, chlorothalonil, dithianon, captan, thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam, metiram, fluazinam, folpet and propineb showed an efficient control of GLS.”
e1“GLS) is an apple disease”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungicide fluazinam efficiently controlled Glomerella leaf spot.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- fluaziname0
- Outcome
- control of GLSe0
- Direction
- efficiente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungicides mancozeb, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole, chlorothalonil, dithianon, captan, thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam, metiram, fluazinam, folpet and propineb showed an efficient control of GLS.”
e1“GLS) is an apple disease”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungicide folpet efficiently controlled Glomerella leaf spot.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- folpete0
- Outcome
- control of GLSe0
- Direction
- efficiente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungicides mancozeb, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole, chlorothalonil, dithianon, captan, thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam, metiram, fluazinam, folpet and propineb showed an efficient control of GLS.”
e1“GLS) is an apple disease”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungicide propineb efficiently controlled Glomerella leaf spot.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- propinebe0
- Outcome
- control of GLSe0
- Direction
- efficiente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungicides mancozeb, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin, mancozeb + trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole, chlorothalonil, dithianon, captan, thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam, metiram, fluazinam, folpet and propineb showed an efficient control of GLS.”
e1“GLS) is an apple disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Metiram plus pyraclostrobin gave intermediate GLS control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- metiram + pyraclostrobine0
- Outcome
- controle0
- Direction
- intermediatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungicide metiram + pyraclostrobin showed an intermediate control”
e1“GLS) is an apple disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Dodine was not efficient in GLS control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- dodinee0
- Outcome
- GLS controle0
- Direction
- not efficiente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fungicides dodine, and fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin were not efficient in GLS control.”
e1“GLS) is an apple disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin was not efficient in GLS control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobine0
- Outcome
- GLS controle0
- Direction
- not efficiente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fungicides dodine, and fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin were not efficient in GLS control.”
e1“GLS) is an apple disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Systemic fungicides generally were not efficient in GLS control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- systemic fungicidese0
- Outcome
- GLS controle0
- Direction
- not efficiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In general, systemic fungicides were not efficient in GLS control.”
e1“GLS) is an apple disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Protectant fungicides were most efficient for GLS control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Protectant fungicidese0
- Outcome
- GSL controle0
- Direction
- most efficiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protectant fungicides were the most efficient in GSL control”
e1“GLS) is an apple disease”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend rotating protectant fungicides with mancozeb for GLS control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- rotated with the fungicide mancozebe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“being excellent options to be rotated with the fungicide mancozeb, which is used as a standard in GLS control in Brazil.”
e1“GLS) is an apple disease”
The same questions in other papers
pyraclostrobin · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
dithianon · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
fluxapyroxad · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
1-dodecylguanidine acetate · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
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1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →thiophanate-methyl · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →mancozeb · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
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See all 7 papers →metiram · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
folpet · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.