Abstract
Outbreaks of bitter rot disease occurred in Illinois apple ( Malus × domestica ) orchards during 2010–20. This study was conducted to assess the incidence of bitter rot in commercial apple orchards in Illinois, identify pathogen species that cause bitter rot, and evaluate the efficacy of fungicides for managing the disease. Orchard surveys conducted during 2019–21 showed that fruits with bitter rot were present in most of the orchards in southern and central Illinois, whereas only a few orchards in the northern part of the state had symptomatic fruits. A total of 270 isolates of the pathogens were collected from symptomatic fruits of 14 cultivars, and pathogen species were identified based on the morphological and molecular characteristics of the isolates. GAPDH gene sequence analyses identified species of the pathogens as Colletotrichum fioriniae , C. siamense , and C. chrysophilum . Laboratory and orchards studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of fungicides for managing bitter rot disease. Laboratory studies showed averages of 10.3, 9.6, and 0.24 mg⋅L −1 for the 50% effective concentrations (EC 50 ) of benzovindiflupyr, captan, and fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin fungicides, respectively. Orchard experiments involving ‘Honeycrisp apples’ were conducted in 2019, 2020, and 2021. Benzovindiflupyr, captan, and fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin prevented bitter rot development in the treated plots.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Bitter rot fruits occurred in most southern and central Illinois orchards but few northern orchards.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Outcome
- fruits with bitter rote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruits with bitter rot were present in most of the orchards in southern and central Illinois, whereas only a few orchards in the northern part of the state had symptomatic fruits.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Colletotrichum fioriniae was identified among bitter rot pathogens.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum fioriniae
Colletotrichum fioriniaee0pathogen - Outcome
- identified species of the pathogense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GAPDH gene sequence analyses identified species of the pathogens as Colletotrichum fioriniae , C. siamense , and C. chrysophilum .”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
C. siamense was identified among bitter rot pathogens.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- C. siamenseColletotrichum siamensee0pathogen
- Outcome
- identified species of the pathogense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GAPDH gene sequence analyses identified species of the pathogens as Colletotrichum fioriniae , C. siamense , and C. chrysophilum .”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
C. chrysophilum was identified among bitter rot pathogens.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- C. chrysophilumColletotrichum chrysophilume0pathogen
- Outcome
- identified species of the pathogense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GAPDH gene sequence analyses identified species of the pathogens as Colletotrichum fioriniae , C. siamense , and C. chrysophilum .”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzovindiflupyr had a laboratory EC50 of 10.3 mg⋅L −1.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- benzovindiflupyre0
- Outcome
- 50% effective concentrations (EC 50 )e0
- Value
- 10.3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laboratory studies showed averages of 10.3, 9.6, and 0.24 mg⋅L −1 for the 50% effective concentrations (EC 50 ) of benzovindiflupyr, captan, and fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin fungicides, respectively.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Captan had a laboratory EC50 of 9.6 mg⋅L −1.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- captane0
- Outcome
- 50% effective concentrations (EC 50 )e0
- Value
- 9.6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laboratory studies showed averages of 10.3, 9.6, and 0.24 mg⋅L −1 for the 50% effective concentrations (EC 50 ) of benzovindiflupyr, captan, and fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin fungicides, respectively.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin had a laboratory EC50 of 0.24 mg⋅L −1.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobine0
- Outcome
- 50% effective concentrations (EC 50 )e0
- Value
- 0.24 mg⋅L −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Laboratory studies showed averages of 10.3, 9.6, and 0.24 mg⋅L −1 for the 50% effective concentrations (EC 50 ) of benzovindiflupyr, captan, and fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin fungicides, respectively.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzovindiflupyr prevented bitter rot in treated orchard plots.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Benzovindiflupyre0
- Outcome
- bitter rot developmente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Benzovindiflupyr, captan, and fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin prevented bitter rot development in the treated plots.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Captan prevented bitter rot in treated orchard plots.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- captane0
- Outcome
- bitter rot developmente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Benzovindiflupyr, captan, and fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin prevented bitter rot development in the treated plots.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin prevented bitter rot in treated orchard plots.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobine0
- Outcome
- bitter rot developmente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Benzovindiflupyr, captan, and fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin prevented bitter rot development in the treated plots.”
t0“Apples”
The same questions in other papers
pyraclostrobin · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
fluxapyroxad · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
captan · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
10 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.