Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION: Effects of a low aluminum (Al) dose were characterized. The Al supplement inhibited root growth but enhanced leaf growth in maize lines with different Al sensitivities. High levels of Al are phytotoxic especially in acidic soils. The beneficial effects of low Al levels have been reported in some plant species, but not in maize. Maize is relatively more sensitive to Al toxicity than other cereals. Seedlings, at the three leaf stage, of four Chinese maize foundation parent inbred lines with different Al tolerances, were exposed to complete Hoagland's nutrient solution at pH 4.5 supplemented with 48 μM Al(3+) under controlled growth conditions, and then the Al stress (AS) was removed. The leaf and root growth, root cell viability, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ions (K(+), Ca(++) and Mg(++)), photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll, protein and malondialdehyde contents in tissues were assayed. In conclusion, a low Al dose inhibits root growth but enhances leaf growth in maize. The Al-promoted leaf growth is likely a result of increased protein synthesis, a lowered Ca(++) level, and the discharge of the growth-inhibitory factors. The Al-promoted leaf growth may be a 'memory' effect caused by the earlier AS in maize. Al causes cell wall rupture, and a loss of K(+), Ca(++) and Mg(++) from root cells. CAT is an auxiliary antioxidant enzyme that works selectively with either SOD or POD against AS-related peroxidation, depending on the maize tissue. CAT is a major antioxidant enzyme responsible for root growth, but SOD is important for leaf growth during AS and after its removal. Our results contribute to understanding how low levels of Al affect maize and Al-resistant mechanisms in maize.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Low aluminum inhibited maize root growth.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a low Al dose inhibits root growth but enhances leaf growth in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Low aluminum enhanced maize leaf growth.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a low Al dose inhibits root growth but enhances leaf growth in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased protein synthesis is proposed to contribute to aluminum-promoted leaf growth.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Al-promoted leaf growth is likely a result of increased protein synthesis, a lowered Ca(++) level, and the discharge of the growth-inhibitory factors”
e1“in maize. Al causes cell wall rupture”
Claim · model-written summary
Lowered calcium level is proposed to contribute to aluminum-promoted leaf growth.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Al-promoted leaf growth is likely a result of increased protein synthesis, a lowered Ca(++) level, and the discharge of the growth-inhibitory factors”
e1“in maize. Al causes cell wall rupture”
Claim · model-written summary
Discharge of growth-inhibitory factors is proposed to contribute to aluminum-promoted leaf growth.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Al-promoted leaf growth is likely a result of increased protein synthesis, a lowered Ca(++) level, and the discharge of the growth-inhibitory factors”
e1“in maize. Al causes cell wall rupture”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum-promoted leaf growth may be a memory effect of earlier aluminum stress.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Al-promoted leaf growth may be a 'memory' effect caused by the earlier AS in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum caused root cell wall rupture.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al causes cell wall rupture, and a loss of K(+), Ca(++) and Mg(++) from root cells”
e1“maize tissue”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum caused loss of K(+), Ca(++) and Mg(++) from root cells.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al causes cell wall rupture, and a loss of K(+), Ca(++) and Mg(++) from root cells”
e1“maize tissue”
Claim · model-written summary
CAT selectively works with SOD or POD against aluminum-stress peroxidation depending on tissue.
- Gene
- CATe0
- Outcome
- against AS-related peroxidatione0
- Qualifier
- works selectively with either SOD or PODe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CAT is an auxiliary antioxidant enzyme that works selectively with either SOD or POD against AS-related peroxidation, depending on the maize tissue”
Claim · model-written summary
CAT is described as a major antioxidant enzyme responsible for root growth.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CAT is a major antioxidant enzyme responsible for root growth, but SOD is important for leaf growth during AS and after its removal”
e1“maize tissue”
Claim · model-written summary
SOD is described as important for leaf growth during and after aluminum stress.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CAT is a major antioxidant enzyme responsible for root growth, but SOD is important for leaf growth during AS and after its removal”
e1“maize tissue”
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