Abstract
Abstract Although it is established that there exist potential trade‐offs between grain yield and grain quality in wheat exposed to elevated carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) and ozone ( O 3 ), their underlying causes remain poorly explored. To investigate the processes affecting grain quality under altered CO 2 and O 3 , we analysed 57 experiments with CO 2 or O 3 exposure in different exposure systems. The study covered 24 cultivars studied in 112 experimental treatments from 11 countries. A significant growth dilution effect on grain protein was found: a change in grain yield of 10% by O 3 was associated with a change in grain protein yield of 8.1% ( R 2 = 0.96), whereas a change in yield effect of 10% by CO 2 was linked to a change in grain protein yield effect of 7.5% ( R 2 = 0.74). Superimposed on this effect, elevated CO 2 , but not O 3 , had a significant negative effect on grain protein yield also in the absence of effects on grain yield, indicating that there exists a process by which CO 2 restricts grain protein accumulation, which is absent for O 3 . Grain mass, another quality trait, was more strongly affected by O 3 than grain number, whereas the opposite was true for CO 2 . Harvest index was strongly and negatively influenced by O 3 , but was unaffected by CO 2 . We conclude that yield vs. protein trade‐offs for wheat in response to CO 2 and O 3 are constrained by close relationships between effects on grain biomass and less than proportional effects on grain protein. An important and novel finding was that elevated CO 2 has a direct negative effect on grain protein accumulation independent of the yield effect, supporting recent evidence of CO 2 ‐induced impairment of nitrate uptake/assimilation. Finally, our results demonstrated that processes underlying responses of grain yield vs. quality trade‐offs are very different in wheat exposed to elevated O 3 compared with elevated CO 2 .
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
A 10% ozone-associated yield change corresponded to 8.1% grain protein yield change.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- O 3e0
- Outcome
- grain protein yielde0
- Value
- 8.1%e0
- Qualifier
- R 2 = 0.96e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a change in grain yield of 10% by O 3 was associated with a change in grain protein yield of 8.1% ( R 2 = 0.96)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
A 10% CO2-associated yield change corresponded to 7.5% grain protein yield effect.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CO 2e0
- Outcome
- grain protein yield effecte0
- Value
- 7.5%e0
- Qualifier
- R 2 = 0.74e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a change in yield effect of 10% by CO 2 was linked to a change in grain protein yield effect of 7.5% ( R 2 = 0.74).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 reduced grain protein yield even without grain yield effects.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated CO 2e0
- Outcome
- grain protein yielde0
- Direction
- negative effecte0
- Qualifier
- in the absence of effects on grain yielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated CO 2 , but not O 3 , had a significant negative effect on grain protein yield also in the absence of effects on grain yield”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone lacked that independent grain protein yield effect.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- O 3e0
- Outcome
- grain protein yielde0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated CO 2 , but not O 3 , had a significant negative effect on grain protein yield also in the absence of effects on grain yield”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone affected grain mass more strongly than grain number.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- O 3e0
- Outcome
- Grain masse0
- Direction
- more strongly affectede0
- Comparator
- grain numbere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain mass, another quality trait, was more strongly affected by O 3 than grain number”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 affected grain number more strongly than grain mass.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CO 2e0
- Outcome
- grain numbere0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Comparator
- Grain masse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain mass, another quality trait, was more strongly affected by O 3 than grain number, whereas the opposite was true for CO 2 .”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone strongly reduced harvest index.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- O 3e0
- Outcome
- Harvest indexe0
- Direction
- negatively influencede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Harvest index was strongly and negatively influenced by O 3 , but was unaffected by CO 2 .”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 did not affect harvest index.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CO 2e0
- Outcome
- Harvest indexe0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Harvest index was strongly and negatively influenced by O 3 , but was unaffected by CO 2 .”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret CO2 as directly impairing grain protein accumulation independently of yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated CO 2e0
- Outcome
- grain protein accumulatione0
- Direction
- negative effecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated CO 2 has a direct negative effect on grain protein accumulation independent of the yield effect”
t0“wheat”
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