Abstract
Relying less on fertilizer N and more on crop residual and biological N 2 fixation by legume crops has been suggested as an effective way to meet the challenge of maximizing economic return while minimizing environmental pollution. A field study was conducted on a Brandon loam soil (Orthic Humic Gleysol) to determine the effects of crop rotation and N amendments on grain yield, crop growth, N uptake and use efficiency (NUE) of maize ( Zea mays L.) and fertilizer replacement values of legume. The rotations included maize in annual rotation with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) or continuous maize. The soil N amendments included no amendment, NH 4 NO 3 at 100 kg N ha -1 , stockpiled or rotted dairy manure at 50 Mg ha -1 (wet weight). Averaged across 4 yr, increases in maize grain yield, total plant N uptake, and NUE ranged from 13 to 35% in the maize-soybean and maize-alfalfa rotations compared to continuous maize monoculture. During the study, total dry matter production was 15 to 35% higher and crop growth rate was 13 to 23% higher for maize following alfalfa than for continuous maize monoculture. The effect of legumes on the subsequent growth of maize (i.e., total dry matter production a n d crop growth rate) was most apparent during the grain filling period. Total maize dry matter production was similar up to silking stage for all three rotation systems; however, the difference in total dry matter between maize monoculture and maize in rotation with legume continued to increase after this stage so that the greatest differences were observed at physiological maturity. Grain yield was 19% higher in the 100 kg N ha -1 treatment and 23% higher in the repeated manure amendment than in the unfertilized treatment. Fertilizer N replacement values were on average, 68 kg ha -1 for soybean and 133 kg ha -1 for alfalfa. Our results indicate that maize in annual rotation with legume crops could increase the maize yields by as much as 20% and reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer N by as much as 180 kg N ha -1 . The effect of legume preceding crop on maize dry matter production and N uptake is expressed mostly in the later stages of crop growth in this mid- to short-growing- season region. Key words: Rotation, Zea mays, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, manure, nitrogen use efficiency
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Maize maize grain yield increased 13 to 35% under legume rotation versus continuous maize.
- Treatment
- maize-soybean and maize-alfalfa rotationse0
- Outcome
- maize grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 13 to 35%e0
- Comparator
- continuous maize monoculturee0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Averaged across 4 yr, increases in maize grain yield, total plant N uptake, and NUE ranged from 13 to 35% in the maize-soybean and maize-alfalfa rotations compared to continuous maize monoculture.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize total plant N uptake increased 13 to 35% under legume rotation versus continuous maize.
- Treatment
- maize-soybean and maize-alfalfa rotationse0
- Outcome
- total plant N uptakee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 13 to 35%e0
- Comparator
- continuous maize monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Averaged across 4 yr, increases in maize grain yield, total plant N uptake, and NUE ranged from 13 to 35% in the maize-soybean and maize-alfalfa rotations compared to continuous maize monoculture.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize NUE increased 13 to 35% under legume rotation versus continuous maize.
- Treatment
- maize-soybean and maize-alfalfa rotationse0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 13 to 35%e0
- Comparator
- continuous maize monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Averaged across 4 yr, increases in maize grain yield, total plant N uptake, and NUE ranged from 13 to 35% in the maize-soybean and maize-alfalfa rotations compared to continuous maize monoculture.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize total dry matter production was 15 to 35% higher following alfalfa than in monoculture.
- Treatment
- maize following alfalfae0
- Outcome
- total dry matter productione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 15 to 35%e0
- Comparator
- continuous maize monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the study, total dry matter production was 15 to 35% higher and crop growth rate was 13 to 23% higher for maize following alfalfa than for continuous maize monoculture.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize crop growth rate was 13 to 23% higher following alfalfa than in monoculture.
- Treatment
- maize following alfalfae0
- Outcome
- crop growth ratee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 13 to 23%e0
- Comparator
- continuous maize monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the study, total dry matter production was 15 to 35% higher and crop growth rate was 13 to 23% higher for maize following alfalfa than for continuous maize monoculture.”
Claim · model-written summary
The preceding legume effect on maize growth was most apparent at grain filling.
- Organ / stage
- grain filling periode0
- Outcome
- effect of legumes on the subsequent growth of maizee0
- Direction
- most apparente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of legumes on the subsequent growth of maize (i.e., total dry matter production a n d crop growth rate) was most apparent during the grain filling period.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize total dry matter production was similar up to silking across the three rotations.
- Organ / stage
- silking stagee0
- Treatment
- all three rotation systemse0
- Outcome
- Total maize dry matter productione0
- Direction
- similare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total maize dry matter production was similar up to silking stage for all three rotation systems”
Claim · model-written summary
The maize dry matter difference between monoculture and legume rotations grew after silking and peaked at physiological maturity.
- Organ / stage
- physiological maturitye0
- Treatment
- maize in rotation with legumee0
- Outcome
- difference in total dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- maize monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the difference in total dry matter between maize monoculture and maize in rotation with legume continued to increase after this stage so that the greatest differences were observed at physiological maturity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer N at 100 kg N ha -1 increased maize grain yield 19% over unfertilized treatment.
- Treatment
- 100 kg N ha -1 treatmente0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 19%e0
- Comparator
- unfertilized treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield was 19% higher in the 100 kg N ha -1 treatment and 23% higher in the repeated manure amendment than in the unfertilized treatment.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Repeated manure amendment increased maize grain yield 23% over unfertilized treatment.
- Treatment
- repeated manure amendmente0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 23%e0
- Comparator
- unfertilized treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield was 19% higher in the 100 kg N ha -1 treatment and 23% higher in the repeated manure amendment than in the unfertilized treatment.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean had a fertilizer N replacement value of 68 kg ha -1.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fertilizer N replacement values were on average, 68 kg ha -1 for soybean and 133 kg ha -1 for alfalfa.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Alfalfa had a fertilizer N replacement value of 133 kg ha -1.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fertilizer N replacement values were on average, 68 kg ha -1 for soybean and 133 kg ha -1 for alfalfa.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual rotation with legumes could increase maize yields by up to 20%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize in annual rotation with legume crops could increase the maize yields by as much as 20% and reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer N by as much as 180 kg N ha -1”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual rotation with legumes could reduce maize fertilizer N by up to 180 kg N ha -1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize in annual rotation with legume crops could increase the maize yields by as much as 20% and reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer N by as much as 180 kg N ha -1”
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