Abstract
Abstract A wheat cultivar (Condor) was grown in two experiments (thermal regimes 18/13 and 21/16°C) under low (298 μE m ‐2: s ‐1 ) radiation regimes during either an early phase from seedling emergence to terminal spikelet initiation (S 2 ), a late phase from terminal spikelet initiation to anthesis (S 2 ), or for the full period from seedling emergence to anthesis (S 12 ), or high (560 μE m ‐2 s ‐1 ) radiation throughout the growing period (S 12 ) to determine whether developmental events are affected by radiation. The main developmental events considered in this study were the timing of terminal spikelet initiation and anthesis, the final number of leaf and spikelet primordia initiated in the apex and the rate of leaf appearance. Number of grains per spike and culm height were also measured. The duration of each phenophase was not affected by radiation intensity. Temperature affected the rate of wheat development, but the acceleration of development due to temperature during the seedling emergence ‐ terminal spikelet initiation phase only slightly reduced (from 24.8 to 23.2 days). Differences in time from terminal spikelet initiation to anthesis were greater than in the earlier phases, having been the duration reduced from 24.6 to 20.0 days due to high temperature. Associated with the lack of effect of radiation on phasic development and the negligible effect of temperature on the duration of the early phases of development, final Leaf number was practically unchanged in this study by either the radiation level or the growing temperature. Thus, radiation did not affect the rate of leaf initiation. The number of spikelets was affected by neither the treatments nor the thermal environment. The rates of leaf appearance were accelerated by temperature. Radiation, on the other hand, did not significantly alter the rates of leaf appearance in any of the treatments. As expected from many sources in the literature, the number of grains per spike was significantly affected by radiation during the phase from terminal spikelet initiation to anthesis. Due to the lack of significant effects of radiation on the developmental patterns of wheat, the changes in number of grains per spike were due to changes in the number of grains born in each spikelet. The results of the present study were compared with others available in the literature on the effects (or lack of them) of radiation and CO 2 concentration on phasic development, plastochron and phyllochron in wheat to reach the general conclusion that the rate of developmental events in wheat, in contrast to other plants, is almost completely independent of the availability of assimilates, with a possible exception for the Equatorial latitudes.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Radiation intensity does not affect phenophase duration.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- radiation intensitye0
- Outcome
- duration of each phenophasee0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The duration of each phenophase was not affected by radiation intensity.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature slightly reduces the emergence-to-terminal-spikelet phase from 24.8 to 23.2 days.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- temperaturee0
- Outcome
- seedling emergence ‐ terminal spikelet initiation phasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- from 24.8 to 23.2 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the acceleration of development due to temperature during the seedling emergence ‐ terminal spikelet initiation phase only slightly reduced (from 24.8 to 23.2 days)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature reduces terminal-spikelet-to-anthesis duration from 24.6 to 20.0 days.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high temperaturee0
- Outcome
- time from terminal spikelet initiation to anthesise0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- from 24.6 to 20.0 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Differences in time from terminal spikelet initiation to anthesis were greater than in the earlier phases, having been the duration reduced from 24.6 to 20.0 days due to high temperature.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Radiation leaves final leaf number practically unchanged.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- radiation levele0
- Outcome
- final Leaf numbere0
- Direction
- practically unchangede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“final Leaf number was practically unchanged in this study by either the radiation level or the growing temperature”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature leaves final leaf number practically unchanged.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- growing temperaturee0
- Outcome
- final Leaf numbere0
- Direction
- practically unchangede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“final Leaf number was practically unchanged in this study by either the radiation level or the growing temperature”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Radiation does not affect leaf initiation rate.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- radiatione0
- Outcome
- rate of leaf initiatione0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“radiation did not affect the rate of leaf initiation”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Radiation treatments do not affect spikelet number.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- radiation regimese1
- Outcome
- number of spikeletse0
- Direction
- affected by neithere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of spikelets was affected by neither the treatments nor the thermal environment.”
e1“radiation regimes”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Thermal environment does not affect spikelet number.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- thermal environmente0
- Outcome
- number of spikeletse0
- Direction
- affected by neithere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of spikelets was affected by neither the treatments nor the thermal environment.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature accelerates leaf appearance rates.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- temperaturee0
- Outcome
- rates of leaf appearancee0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rates of leaf appearance were accelerated by temperature.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Radiation does not significantly alter leaf appearance rates.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Radiatione0
- Outcome
- rates of leaf appearancee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Radiation, on the other hand, did not significantly alter the rates of leaf appearance in any of the treatments.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Radiation during terminal spikelet initiation to anthesis significantly affects grain number per spike.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- phase from terminal spikelet initiation to anthesise0
- Treatment
- radiatione0
- Outcome
- number of grains per spikee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of grains per spike was significantly affected by radiation during the phase from terminal spikelet initiation to anthesis”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain-number changes reflect changes in grains per spikelet rather than developmental patterns.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- number of grains per spikee0
- Qualifier
- changes in the number of grains born in each spikelete0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the changes in number of grains per spike were due to changes in the number of grains born in each spikelet”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat developmental rates are almost independent of assimilate availability, possibly except at equatorial latitudes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Compound
- assimilatese0
- Outcome
- rate of developmental eventse0
- Direction
- almost completely independente0
- Qualifier
- possible exception for the Equatorial latitudese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rate of developmental events in wheat, in contrast to other plants, is almost completely independent of the availability of assimilates, with a possible exception for the Equatorial latitudes”
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See all 154 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.