Abstract
A growth chamber experiment was conducted to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the chemical composition of the soil solution over time, and to determine Cd uptake as a function of rates of nitrogen fertilizer application and transpiration. Sceptre durum wheat was grown in a fine sandy loam soil, in pots with treatments of 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 µg N g −1 as urea. The soil solution was removed by water displacement and analyzed for Cd and other nutrient ions at time of seeding, 10, 20, 30, and 40 d after seeding, and at the time of crop maturity. Soil samples were analyzed at each sampling time, and aboveground plant material was also harvested at these times and analyzed for Cd and other nutrient ions. Behaviour of Cd was compared to that of the nutrient ions to gain a better understanding of patterns of ion behaviour. Conductivity measurements were taken as estimators of ionic strength. Both solution Cd concentration and DTPA-extractable soil Cd increased significantly with increasing nitrogen rate. The increases in Cd concentration with N fertilization were greatest immediately after fertilization and appeared to be related to an increase in soil and solution conductivity, with pH also having an influence on DTPA-extractable Cd. The soil solution concentration of all nutrients, with the exception of phosphate, increased with N rate. The effects of N fertilization on the amounts of extractable nutrients in the soil were more variable. Plant Cd concentrations increased with increasing N application rate to 800 µg g −1 , but dry matter yield and transpiration only increased with N rate to 200 µg g −1 . Cadmium was the element most affected by increasing the N rate, and there were minor changes in uptake of other elements such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, and Cu with N application rate and time. This study clearly illustrated the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the concentration of Cd in the soil solution and its uptake by durum wheat. Key words: Cadmium, nitrogen, urea, soil solution, ionic strength, durum, uptake
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Soil solution cadmium concentration increased significantly as nitrogen rate rose.
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0 - Treatment
- increasing nitrogen ratee0
- Outcome
- solution Cd concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both solution Cd concentration and DTPA-extractable soil Cd increased significantly with increasing nitrogen rate.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
DTPA-extractable soil cadmium increased significantly as nitrogen rate rose.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- increasing nitrogen ratee0
- Outcome
- DTPA-extractable soil Cde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both solution Cd concentration and DTPA-extractable soil Cd increased significantly with increasing nitrogen rate.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium concentration increases were greatest just after nitrogen fertilization.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- Cd concentratione0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Qualifier
- immediately after fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increases in Cd concentration with N fertilization were greatest immediately after fertilization”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization increased soil solution nutrient concentrations except phosphate.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- N ratee0
- Outcome
- soil solution concentration of all nutrientse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- with the exception of phosphatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soil solution concentration of all nutrients, with the exception of phosphate, increased with N rate.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen effects on extractable soil nutrients varied.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- amounts of extractable nutrients in the soile0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of N fertilization on the amounts of extractable nutrients in the soil were more variable.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant cadmium concentration rose with nitrogen application up to 800 µg g −1.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- N application rate to 800 µg g −1e0
- Outcome
- Plant Cd concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant Cd concentrations increased with increasing N application rate to 800 µg g −1”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry matter yield rose with nitrogen rate only to 200 µg g −1.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- N rate to 200 µg g −1e0
- Outcome
- dry matter yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry matter yield and transpiration only increased with N rate to 200 µg g −1”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Transpiration rose with nitrogen rate only to 200 µg g −1.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- N rate to 200 µg g −1e0
- Outcome
- transpiratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry matter yield and transpiration only increased with N rate to 200 µg g −1”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium was the element most affected by increasing nitrogen rate.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- Cadmiume0
- Direction
- most affectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium was the element most affected by increasing the N rate”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Uptake of other elements showed minor changes with nitrogen rate and time.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- uptake of other elements such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, and Cue0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there were minor changes in uptake of other elements such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, and Cu with N application rate and time”
t0“durum wheat”