Abstract
We investigated the effects of evaporative cooling (EC), kaolin particle film (KP) and 20% shade net (SN) on the control of sunburn, fruit temperature amelioration and fruit quality of `Cripps' Pink' and `Royal Gala' apples [ Malus domestica Borkh.] under orchard conditions during the 2003–04 season in Stellenbosch, South Africa. On days with maximum air temperatures of 34 to 37 °C, SN fruit were 5.4 to 9.7 °C cooler, EC fruit were 3.1 to 5.8 °C cooler and KP fruit were 1.5 to 6.4 °C cooler compared to the control (nontreated, CO) fruit. SN was effective in reducing fruit temperature from mid-morning until midafternoon; KP was most effective during late morning and early afternoon but not at midday; EC was effective from late morning on days when EC was activated. SN, followed by KP, was the most effective technique for controlling sunburn in fruit of both cultivars, with EC being less effective. The different technologies reduced fruit blush color compared to the CO treatment, with SN showing the most reduction and EC the least. EC increased fruit mass compared to all other treatments in `Royal Gala', and also increased fruit diameter and mass compared to CO in `Cripps' Pink'. We conclude that under the high radiation levels experienced in South African apple production areas, technologies which reduce irradiance as well as fruit temperature (KP, SN) are more effective in reducing sunburn than those which only reduce fruit temperature (EC). However, radiation-reducing technologies are potentially detrimental to color development on blushed apples.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
SN reduced apple fruit temperature by 5.4 to 9.7 °C relative to untreated fruit on hot days.
- Taxon
- Apples
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- SNe0
- Outcome
- fruite0
- Direction
- coolere0
- Value
- 5.4 to 9.7 °Ce0
- Qualifier
- 34 to 37 °Ce0
- Comparator
- control (nontreated, CO) fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“On days with maximum air temperatures of 34 to 37 °C, SN fruit were 5.4 to 9.7 °C cooler, EC fruit were 3.1 to 5.8 °C cooler and KP fruit were 1.5 to 6.4 °C cooler compared to the control (nontreated, CO) fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
EC reduced apple fruit temperature by 3.1 to 5.8 °C relative to untreated fruit on hot days.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- ECe0
- Outcome
- fruite0
- Direction
- coolere0
- Value
- 3.1 to 5.8 °Ce0
- Qualifier
- 34 to 37 °Ce0
- Comparator
- control (nontreated, CO) fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“On days with maximum air temperatures of 34 to 37 °C, SN fruit were 5.4 to 9.7 °C cooler, EC fruit were 3.1 to 5.8 °C cooler and KP fruit were 1.5 to 6.4 °C cooler compared to the control (nontreated, CO) fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
KP reduced apple fruit temperature by 1.5 to 6.4 °C relative to untreated fruit on hot days.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- KPe0
- Outcome
- fruite0
- Direction
- coolere0
- Value
- 1.5 to 6.4 °Ce0
- Qualifier
- 34 to 37 °Ce0
- Comparator
- control (nontreated, CO) fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“On days with maximum air temperatures of 34 to 37 °C, SN fruit were 5.4 to 9.7 °C cooler, EC fruit were 3.1 to 5.8 °C cooler and KP fruit were 1.5 to 6.4 °C cooler compared to the control (nontreated, CO) fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
SN reduced apple sunburn, with SN most effective, KP next, and EC less effective.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- SNe0
- Outcome
- sunburn in fruite0
- Direction
- controllinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“SN, followed by KP, was the most effective technique for controlling sunburn in fruit of both cultivars, with EC being less effective”
Claim · model-written summary
KP reduced apple sunburn, with SN most effective, KP next, and EC less effective.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- KPe0
- Outcome
- sunburn in fruite0
- Direction
- controllinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“SN, followed by KP, was the most effective technique for controlling sunburn in fruit of both cultivars, with EC being less effective”
Claim · model-written summary
EC reduced apple sunburn, with SN most effective, KP next, and EC less effective.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- ECe0
- Outcome
- sunburn in fruite0
- Direction
- controllinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“SN, followed by KP, was the most effective technique for controlling sunburn in fruit of both cultivars, with EC being less effective”
Claim · model-written summary
SN reduced apple fruit blush color relative to untreated fruit.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- SNe1
- Outcome
- fruit blush colore0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- CO treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“The different technologies reduced fruit blush color compared to the CO treatment, with SN showing the most reduction and EC the least”
e1“evaporative cooling (EC), kaolin particle film (KP) and 20% shade net (SN)”
Claim · model-written summary
KP reduced apple fruit blush color relative to untreated fruit.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- KPe1
- Outcome
- fruit blush colore0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- CO treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“The different technologies reduced fruit blush color compared to the CO treatment, with SN showing the most reduction and EC the least”
e1“evaporative cooling (EC), kaolin particle film (KP) and 20% shade net (SN)”
Claim · model-written summary
EC reduced apple fruit blush color relative to untreated fruit.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- ECe1
- Outcome
- fruit blush colore0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- CO treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“The different technologies reduced fruit blush color compared to the CO treatment, with SN showing the most reduction and EC the least”
e1“evaporative cooling (EC), kaolin particle film (KP) and 20% shade net (SN)”
Claim · model-written summary
Evaporative cooling increased fruit mass in `Royal Gala' apples.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- `Royal Gala'e0
- Treatment
- ECe0
- Outcome
- fruit masse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“EC increased fruit mass compared to all other treatments in `Royal Gala', and also increased fruit diameter and mass compared to CO in `Cripps' Pink'”
Claim · model-written summary
Evaporative cooling increased fruit diameter in `Cripps' Pink' apples.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- `Cripps' Pink'e0
- Treatment
- ECe0
- Outcome
- fruit diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- COe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“EC increased fruit mass compared to all other treatments in `Royal Gala', and also increased fruit diameter and mass compared to CO in `Cripps' Pink'”
Claim · model-written summary
Evaporative cooling increased mass in `Cripps' Pink' apples.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- `Cripps' Pink'e0
- Treatment
- ECe0
- Outcome
- masse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- COe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“EC increased fruit mass compared to all other treatments in `Royal Gala', and also increased fruit diameter and mass compared to CO in `Cripps' Pink'”
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