Abstract
Hairy galinsoga [ Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake] has become a troublesome weed in vegetable crops. Field studies were conducted in 2006 and 2007 in central New York to determine the effects of: 1) spring-sown cover crops on hairy galinsoga growth and seed production during cover crop growth grown before subsequent short duration vegetable crops; and 2) cover crop residues on establishment of hairy galinsoga and four short-duration vegetable crops planted after cover crop incorporation. The cover crops [buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), brown mustard ( Brassica juncea L.), yellow mustard ( Sinapis alba L.), and oats ( Avena sativa L.)] were planted in May and incorporated in early July. Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) and Swiss chard [ Beta vulgaris var. cicla (L.) K. Koch] were transplanted and pea ( Pisum sativum L.) and snap bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were sown directly into freshly incorporated residues. Aboveground dry biomass produced by the cover crops was 4.2, 6.4, 6.8, and 9.7 mg·ha −1 for buckwheat, brown mustard, yellow mustard, and oats, respectively. Cover crops alone reduced the dry weight (90% to 99%) and seed production of hairy galinsoga (98%) during the cover crop-growing season compared with weedy controls. In 2006, only yellow mustard residue suppressed hairy galinsoga emergence (53%). However, in 2007, all cover crop residues reduced hairy galinsoga emergence (38% to 62%) and biomass production (25% to 60%) compared with bare soil, with yellow mustard providing the greatest suppression. Cover crop residues did not affect snap bean emergence, but reduced pea emergence 25% to 75%. All vegetable crops were suppressed by all cover crop residues with crops ranked as: pea > Swiss chard ≥ lettuce > snap bean in terms of sensitivity. The C:N ratios were 8.5, 18.3, 22.9, and 24.8 for buckwheat, brown mustard, yellow mustard, and oat residues, respectively. Decomposition rate and nitrogen release of brown mustard and buckwheat residues was rapid; it was slow for oats and yellow mustard residues. Spring-sown cover crops can contribute to weed management by reducing seed production, emergence, and growth of hairy galinsoga in subsequent crops, but crop emergence and growth may be compromised. Yellow mustard and buckwheat sown before late-planted snap beans deserve further testing as part of an integrated strategy for managing weeds while building soil health.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crops alone reduced hairy galinsoga dry weight by 90% to 99% compared with weedy controls.
Verbatim
e1“Cover crops alone reduced the dry weight (90% to 99%) and seed production of hairy galinsoga (98%) during the cover crop-growing season compared with weedy controls”
t0“Hairy Galinsoga (Galinsoga ciliata)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crops alone reduced hairy galinsoga seed production by 98% compared with weedy controls.
Verbatim
e1“Cover crops alone reduced the dry weight (90% to 99%) and seed production of hairy galinsoga (98%) during the cover crop-growing season compared with weedy controls”
t0“Hairy Galinsoga (Galinsoga ciliata)”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2006, only yellow mustard residue suppressed hairy galinsoga emergence by 53%.
- Taxon
- hairy galinsogae2
- Treatment
- yellow mustard residuee2
- Outcome
- emergencee2
- Direction
- suppressede2
- Value
- 53%e2
- Qualifier
- In 2006e2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e2“In 2006, only yellow mustard residue suppressed hairy galinsoga emergence (53%)”
t0“Hairy Galinsoga (Galinsoga ciliata)”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2007, all cover crop residues reduced hairy galinsoga emergence by 38% to 62% compared with bare soil.
Verbatim
e3“However, in 2007, all cover crop residues reduced hairy galinsoga emergence (38% to 62%) and biomass production (25% to 60%) compared with bare soil”
t0“Hairy Galinsoga (Galinsoga ciliata)”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2007, all cover crop residues reduced hairy galinsoga biomass production by 25% to 60% compared with bare soil.
Verbatim
e3“However, in 2007, all cover crop residues reduced hairy galinsoga emergence (38% to 62%) and biomass production (25% to 60%) compared with bare soil”
t0“Hairy Galinsoga (Galinsoga ciliata)”
Claim · model-written summary
Yellow mustard residue gave the greatest suppression of hairy galinsoga in 2007.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e4“with yellow mustard providing the greatest suppression”
t0“Hairy Galinsoga (Galinsoga ciliata)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crop residues did not affect snap bean emergence.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e5“Cover crop residues did not affect snap bean emergence, but reduced pea emergence 25% to 75%”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crop residues reduced pea emergence by 25% to 75%.
- Taxon
- pea
Lathyrus oleraceuse5 - Treatment
- Cover crop residuese5
- Outcome
- emergencee5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 25% to 75%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Cover crop residues did not affect snap bean emergence, but reduced pea emergence 25% to 75%”
Claim · model-written summary
All cover crop residues suppressed all vegetable crops, ranked by sensitivity as pea > Swiss chard ≥ lettuce > snap bean.
- Taxon
- vegetable cropse6
- Treatment
- all cover crop residuese6
- Outcome
- sensitivitye6
- Direction
- suppressede6
- Qualifier
- pea > Swiss chard ≥ lettuce > snap beane6
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e6“All vegetable crops were suppressed by all cover crop residues with crops ranked as: pea > Swiss chard ≥ lettuce > snap bean in terms of sensitivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Brown mustard and buckwheat residues decomposed and released nitrogen rapidly.
Verbatim
e7“Decomposition rate and nitrogen release of brown mustard and buckwheat residues was rapid; it was slow for oats and yellow mustard residues”
Claim · model-written summary
Oat and yellow mustard residues decomposed and released nitrogen slowly.
- Taxon
- oats and yellow mustard
Sinapis alba
Avena sativae7 - Outcome
- Decomposition rate and nitrogen releasee7
- Qualifier
- slowe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Decomposition rate and nitrogen release of brown mustard and buckwheat residues was rapid; it was slow for oats and yellow mustard residues”
Claim · model-written summary
The C:N ratio of buckwheat residue was 8.5.
Verbatim
e0“The C:N ratios were 8.5, 18.3, 22.9, and 24.8 for buckwheat, brown mustard, yellow mustard, and oat residues, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The C:N ratio of brown mustard residue was 18.3.
- Taxon
- brown mustard
Brassica junceae0 - Outcome
- C:N ratiose0
- Value
- 18.3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The C:N ratios were 8.5, 18.3, 22.9, and 24.8 for buckwheat, brown mustard, yellow mustard, and oat residues, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The C:N ratio of yellow mustard residue was 22.9.
- Taxon
- yellow mustardSinapis albae0
- Outcome
- C:N ratiose0
- Value
- 22.9e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The C:N ratios were 8.5, 18.3, 22.9, and 24.8 for buckwheat, brown mustard, yellow mustard, and oat residues, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The C:N ratio of oat residue was 24.8.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- C:N ratiose0
- Value
- 24.8e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The C:N ratios were 8.5, 18.3, 22.9, and 24.8 for buckwheat, brown mustard, yellow mustard, and oat residues, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Aboveground dry biomass of buckwheat cover crop was 4.2.
Verbatim
e0“Aboveground dry biomass produced by the cover crops was 4.2, 6.4, 6.8, and 9.7 mg·ha −1 for buckwheat, brown mustard, yellow mustard, and oats, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Aboveground dry biomass of brown mustard cover crop was 6.4.
- Taxon
- brown mustardBrassica junceae0
- Outcome
- Aboveground dry biomasse0
- Value
- 6.4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aboveground dry biomass produced by the cover crops was 4.2, 6.4, 6.8, and 9.7 mg·ha −1 for buckwheat, brown mustard, yellow mustard, and oats, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Aboveground dry biomass of yellow mustard cover crop was 6.8.
- Taxon
- yellow mustardSinapis albae0
- Outcome
- Aboveground dry biomasse0
- Value
- 6.8e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aboveground dry biomass produced by the cover crops was 4.2, 6.4, 6.8, and 9.7 mg·ha −1 for buckwheat, brown mustard, yellow mustard, and oats, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Aboveground dry biomass of oat cover crop was 9.7.
- Taxon
- oatsAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- Aboveground dry biomasse0
- Value
- 9.7e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aboveground dry biomass produced by the cover crops was 4.2, 6.4, 6.8, and 9.7 mg·ha −1 for buckwheat, brown mustard, yellow mustard, and oats, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Yellow mustard and buckwheat sown before late-planted snap beans deserve further testing as an integrated weed management strategy.
Verbatim
e0“Yellow mustard and buckwheat sown before late-planted snap beans deserve further testing as part of an integrated strategy for managing weeds while building soil health”
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