Abstract
The histology of external CO 2 injury of the skin of `Empire' apples and postharvest factors affecting occurrence of injury were investigated. Injury was greater in a 5% CO 2 /2% O 2 atmosphere than in 2% CO 2 /2% O 2 , but incidence was affected by orchard source. Susceptibility to injury was highest during the first 4 weeks of storage, while a postharvest treatment with diphenylamine prevented the disorder. Ethanol reduced injury, but ascorbic acid increased incidence of the disorder. Keeping fruit in air cold storage for 10 days before application of CO 2 markedly reduced incidence of CO 2 injury. Histological studies showed that external CO 2 injury begins at the hypodermis—cortex boundary and spreads outward into the upper hypodermis and inward into outer cortex cells, although the cuticle and epidermis appear unaffected and unbroken. Radial walls of affected cells collapse and become pleated, so that the skin surface sinks below nearby normal regions. Other cellular events include loss of cytoplasmic integrity, coagulation of the protoplast, loss of organelle structure, and cell wall separation. Nondigested starch can be found in cells of affected fruit at the hypodermis—cortex boundary. We conclude that several factors affect fruit susceptibility to CO 2 injury, including orchard, antioxidant treatment, and delays before application of CO 2 .
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 injury was greater in a 5% CO2/2% O2 atmosphere than in 2% CO2/2% O2.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticae1 - Treatment
- 5% CO 2 /2% O 2 atmospheree0
- Outcome
- Injurye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- 2% CO 2 /2% O 2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Injury was greater in a 5% CO 2 /2% O 2 atmosphere than in 2% CO 2 /2% O 2”
e1“`Empire' apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Incidence of CO2 injury was affected by orchard source.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- incidencee1
- Setting
- orchard sourcee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“`Empire' apples”
e1“but incidence was affected by orchard source”
Claim · model-written summary
Susceptibility to injury was highest during the first 4 weeks of storage.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- first 4 weeks of storagee1
- Outcome
- Susceptibility to injurye1
- Direction
- higheste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“`Empire' apples”
e1“Susceptibility to injury was highest during the first 4 weeks of storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Postharvest diphenylamine treatment prevented the disorder.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- postharvest treatment with diphenylaminee1
- Outcome
- disordere1
- Direction
- preventede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“`Empire' apples”
e1“a postharvest treatment with diphenylamine prevented the disorder”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanol reduced injury.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Ethanole1
- Outcome
- injurye1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“`Empire' apples”
e1“Ethanol reduced injury, but ascorbic acid increased incidence of the disorder”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbic acid increased incidence of the disorder.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- ascorbic acide1
- Outcome
- incidence of the disordere1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“`Empire' apples”
e1“Ethanol reduced injury, but ascorbic acid increased incidence of the disorder”
Claim · model-written summary
Keeping fruit in air cold storage for 10 days before CO2 application markedly reduced incidence of CO2 injury.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Keeping fruit in air cold storage for 10 days before application of CO2e1
- Outcome
- incidence of CO2 injurye1
- Direction
- markedly reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“`Empire' apples”
e1“Keeping fruit in air cold storage for 10 days before application of CO2 markedly reduced incidence of CO2 injury”
Claim · model-written summary
External CO2 injury begins at the hypodermis—cortex boundary and spreads outward and inward.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- hypodermis—cortex boundarye1
- Outcome
- external CO 2 injury begins at the hypodermis—cortex boundarye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“`Empire' apples”
e1“external CO 2 injury begins at the hypodermis—cortex boundary and spreads outward into the upper hypodermis and inward into outer cortex cells”
Claim · model-written summary
Radial walls of affected cells collapse and become pleated, so the skin surface sinks below nearby normal regions.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- Radial walls of affected cells collapsee1
- Qualifier
- sinks below nearby normal regionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“`Empire' apples”
e1“Radial walls of affected cells collapse and become pleated, so that the skin surface sinks below nearby normal regions”
Claim · model-written summary
Nondigested starch is found in cells of affected fruit at the hypodermis—cortex boundary.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- hypodermis—cortex boundarye1
- Outcome
- Nondigested starche1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“`Empire' apples”
e1“Nondigested starch can be found in cells of affected fruit at the hypodermis—cortex boundary”
Claim · model-written summary
Affected cells show loss of cytoplasmic integrity, coagulation of the protoplast, and loss of organelle structure.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- loss of cytoplasmic integrity, coagulation of the protoplast, loss of organelle structuree1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“`Empire' apples”
e1“Other cellular events include loss of cytoplasmic integrity, coagulation of the protoplast, loss of organelle structure, and cell wall separation”
Claim · model-written summary
Affected cells show cell wall separation.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- cell wall separatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“`Empire' apples”
e1“Other cellular events include loss of cytoplasmic integrity, coagulation of the protoplast, loss of organelle structure, and cell wall separation”
The same questions in other papers
ascorbic acid · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
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co2 · crop injury · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
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- no effect
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.