Abstract
Abstract Both endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi interact with plants to form symbiosis in which the fungal partners rely on, and sometimes compete for, carbon (C) sources from their hosts. Changes in photosynthesis in host plants caused by atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) enrichment may, therefore, influence those mutualistic interactions, potentially modifying plant nutrient acquisition and interactions with other coexisting plant species. However, few studies have so far examined the interactive controls of endophytes and mycorrhizae over plant responses to atmospheric CO 2 enrichment. Using Festuca arundinacea Schreb and Plantago lanceolata L. as model plants, we examined the effects of elevated CO 2 on mycorrhizae and endophyte ( Neotyphodium coenophialum) and plant nitrogen (N) acquisition in two microcosm experiments, and determined whether and how mycorrhizae and endophytes mediate interactions between their host plant species. Endophyte‐free and endophyte‐infected F. arundinacea varieties, P. lanceolata L., and their combination with or without mycorrhizal inocula were grown under ambient (400 μmol mol −1 ) and elevated CO 2 (ambient + 330 μmol mol −1 ). A 15 N isotope tracer was used to quantify the mycorrhiza‐mediated plant acquisition of N from soil. Elevated CO 2 stimulated the growth of P. lanceolata greater than F. arundinacea , increasing the shoot biomass ratio of P. lanceolata to F. arundinacea in all the mixtures. Elevated CO 2 also increased mycorrhizal root colonization of P. lanceolata , but had no impact on that of F. arundinacea . Mycorrhizae increased the shoot biomass ratio of P. lanceolata to F. arundinacea under elevated CO 2 . In the absence of endophytes, both elevated CO 2 and mycorrhizae enhanced 15 N and total N uptake of P. lanceolata but had either no or even negative effects on N acquisition of F. arundinacea , altering N distribution between these two species in the mixture. The presence of endophytes in F. arundinacea , however, reduced the CO 2 effect on N acquisition in P. lanceolata , although it did not affect growth responses of their host plants to elevated CO 2 . These results suggest that mycorrhizal fungi and endophytes might interactively affect the responses of their host plants and their coexisting species to elevated CO 2 .
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased the shoot biomass ratio of P. lanceolata to F. arundinacea in all mixtures.
- Taxon
- Plantago lanceolata
Plantago lanceolatae0 - Treatment
- Elevated CO 2e1
- Outcome
- shoot biomass ratio of P. lanceolata to F. arundinaceae1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Qualifier
- in all the mixturese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using Festuca arundinacea Schreb and Plantago lanceolata L. as model plants”
e1“Elevated CO 2 stimulated the growth of P. lanceolata greater than F. arundinacea , increasing the shoot biomass ratio of P. lanceolata to F. arundinacea in all the mixtures”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 stimulated the growth of P. lanceolata more than that of F. arundinacea.
- Taxon
- Plantago lanceolataPlantago lanceolatae0
- Treatment
- Elevated CO 2e1
- Outcome
- growth of P. lanceolatae1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- F. arundinaceae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using Festuca arundinacea Schreb and Plantago lanceolata L. as model plants”
e1“Elevated CO 2 stimulated the growth of P. lanceolata greater than F. arundinacea , increasing the shoot biomass ratio of P. lanceolata to F. arundinacea in all the mixtures”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased mycorrhizal root colonization of P. lanceolata.
- Taxon
- P. lanceolataPlantago lanceolatae2
- Treatment
- Elevated CO 2e2
- Interactor
- mycorrhizale2symbiont
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal root colonizatione2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Elevated CO 2 also increased mycorrhizal root colonization of P. lanceolata , but had no impact on that of F. arundinacea”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 had no effect on mycorrhizal root colonization of F. arundinacea.
- Taxon
- F. arundinacea
Lolium arundinaceume2 - Treatment
- Elevated CO 2e2
- Interactor
- mycorrhizale2symbiont
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal root colonizatione2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Elevated CO 2 also increased mycorrhizal root colonization of P. lanceolata , but had no impact on that of F. arundinacea”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizae increased the shoot biomass ratio of P. lanceolata to F. arundinacea under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- P. lanceolataPlantago lanceolatae5
- Treatment
- Mycorrhizaee5
- Interactor
- Mycorrhizaee5symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot biomass ratio of P. lanceolata to F. arundinaceae5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Qualifier
- under elevated CO 2e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using Festuca arundinacea Schreb and Plantago lanceolata L. as model plants”
e5“Mycorrhizae increased the shoot biomass ratio of P. lanceolata to F. arundinacea under elevated CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 enhanced 15N and total N uptake of P. lanceolata in the absence of endophytes.
- Taxon
- P. lanceolataPlantago lanceolatae3
- Treatment
- elevated CO 2e3
- Outcome
- 15 N and total N uptakee3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Qualifier
- In the absence of endophytese3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using Festuca arundinacea Schreb and Plantago lanceolata L. as model plants”
e3“In the absence of endophytes, both elevated CO 2 and mycorrhizae enhanced 15 N and total N uptake of P. lanceolata but had either no or even negative effects on N acquisition of F. arundinacea , altering N distribution between these two species in the mixture”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizae enhanced 15N and total N uptake of P. lanceolata in the absence of endophytes.
- Taxon
- P. lanceolataPlantago lanceolatae3
- Treatment
- mycorrhizaee3
- Interactor
- mycorrhizaee3symbiont
- Outcome
- 15 N and total N uptakee3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Qualifier
- In the absence of endophytese3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using Festuca arundinacea Schreb and Plantago lanceolata L. as model plants”
e3“In the absence of endophytes, both elevated CO 2 and mycorrhizae enhanced 15 N and total N uptake of P. lanceolata but had either no or even negative effects on N acquisition of F. arundinacea , altering N distribution between these two species in the mixture”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 had no or negative effects on N acquisition of F. arundinacea.
- Taxon
- F. arundinaceaLolium arundinaceume3
- Treatment
- elevated CO 2e3
- Outcome
- N acquisitione3
- Direction
- negativee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using Festuca arundinacea Schreb and Plantago lanceolata L. as model plants”
e3“In the absence of endophytes, both elevated CO 2 and mycorrhizae enhanced 15 N and total N uptake of P. lanceolata but had either no or even negative effects on N acquisition of F. arundinacea , altering N distribution between these two species in the mixture”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizae had no or negative effects on N acquisition of F. arundinacea.
- Taxon
- F. arundinaceaLolium arundinaceume3
- Treatment
- mycorrhizaee3
- Interactor
- mycorrhizaee3symbiont
- Outcome
- N acquisitione3
- Direction
- negativee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using Festuca arundinacea Schreb and Plantago lanceolata L. as model plants”
e3“In the absence of endophytes, both elevated CO 2 and mycorrhizae enhanced 15 N and total N uptake of P. lanceolata but had either no or even negative effects on N acquisition of F. arundinacea , altering N distribution between these two species in the mixture”
Claim · model-written summary
The presence of endophytes in F. arundinacea reduced the CO2 effect on N acquisition in P. lanceolata.
- Taxon
- P. lanceolataPlantago lanceolatae4
- Treatment
- endophytese4
- Interactor
- endophytese4symbiont
- Outcome
- CO 2 effect on N acquisitione4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using Festuca arundinacea Schreb and Plantago lanceolata L. as model plants”
e4“The presence of endophytes in F. arundinacea , however, reduced the CO 2 effect on N acquisition in P. lanceolata , although it did not affect growth responses of their host plants to elevated CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophytes in F. arundinacea did not affect growth responses of their host plants to elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- F. arundinaceaLolium arundinaceume4
- Treatment
- endophytese4
- Interactor
- endophytese4symbiont
- Outcome
- growth responses of their host plants to elevated CO 2e4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using Festuca arundinacea Schreb and Plantago lanceolata L. as model plants”
e4“The presence of endophytes in F. arundinacea , however, reduced the CO 2 effect on N acquisition in P. lanceolata , although it did not affect growth responses of their host plants to elevated CO 2”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · growth · Lolium arundinaceum (tall fescue)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →co2 · nutrient: content · Lolium arundinaceum (tall fescue)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.