Abstract
Supply of 0.1-0.5 mmol CdCl2 inhibited δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24, ALAD) activity and total chlorophylls in excised etiolated segments of maize leaves during greening. Due to cadmium supply δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) content was reduced significantly at 0.5 mmol Cd only. Also the Cd treatment decreased the protein content and accumulated significantly the Cd in the tissue. Significant correlation between Cd accumulation in the leaves and various parameters measured is observed, with the R-squared values being 0.727 with ALAD activity, 0.885 with ALA content, 0.902 with total chlorophylls and 1.00 with proteins. The % inhibition of ALAD activity by Cd was decreased in the presence of nitrogenous compounds, glutamine and NH4NO3 and the observed inhibition was 25% and 16%, respectively. More substantial reduction in % inhibition of enzyme activity by Cd was observed during treatment with glutathione, a ubiquitous thiol and levulinic acid, a competitive inhibitor of ALAD, with the inhibition being only 2% and 4%, respectively. Supply of some essential metal ions, such as Mg, Zn, and Mn, also reduced the % inhibition of enzyme activity by Cd. Inclusion of varying concentrations of ALA during assay also affected the % inhibition of enzyme activity by Cd showing an increased inhibition from 17% to 53% with increasing ALA concentration. It is suggested that Cd inhibits ALAD activity by affecting the ALA binding to the enzyme and/or disrupting thiol interaction.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium chloride inhibited ALAD activity in greening maize leaf segments.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- 0.1-0.5 mmol CdCl2e0
- Gene
- δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratasee0
- Outcome
- δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24, ALAD) activitye0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supply of 0.1-0.5 mmol CdCl2 inhibited δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24, ALAD) activity and total chlorophylls in excised etiolated segments of maize leaves during greening”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium chloride inhibited total chlorophylls in greening maize leaves.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supply of 0.1-0.5 mmol CdCl2 inhibited δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24, ALAD) activity and total chlorophylls in excised etiolated segments of maize leaves during greening”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium significantly reduced ALA content only at 0.5 mmol.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Due to cadmium supply δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) content was reduced significantly at 0.5 mmol Cd only”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium treatment decreased maize leaf protein content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Cd treatment decreased the protein content and accumulated significantly the Cd in the tissue”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium treatment significantly increased tissue cadmium accumulation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Cd treatment decreased the protein content and accumulated significantly the Cd in the tissue”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf Cd accumulation correlated with ALAD activity with R-squared 0.727.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant correlation between Cd accumulation in the leaves and various parameters measured is observed, with the R-squared values being 0.727 with ALAD activity”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf Cd accumulation correlated with ALA content with R-squared 0.885.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.885 with ALA content”
t0“maize”
t1“maize”
e1“Significant correlation between Cd accumulation in the leaves and various parameters measured is observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf Cd accumulation correlated with total chlorophylls with R-squared 0.902.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.902 with total chlorophylls”
t0“maize”
t1“maize”
e1“Significant correlation between Cd accumulation in the leaves and various parameters measured is observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf Cd accumulation correlated with proteins with R-squared 1.00.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1.00 with proteins”
t0“maize”
t1“maize”
e1“Significant correlation between Cd accumulation in the leaves and various parameters measured is observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Glutamine reduced Cd inhibition of ALAD to 25%.
- Treatment
- glutaminee0
- Outcome
- % inhibition of ALAD activity by Cde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Comparator
- Cde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The % inhibition of ALAD activity by Cd was decreased in the presence of nitrogenous compounds, glutamine and NH4NO3 and the observed inhibition was 25% and 16%, respectively”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
NH4NO3 reduced Cd inhibition of ALAD to 16%.
- Treatment
- NH4NO3e0
- Outcome
- % inhibition of ALAD activity by Cde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 16%e0
- Comparator
- Cde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The % inhibition of ALAD activity by Cd was decreased in the presence of nitrogenous compounds, glutamine and NH4NO3 and the observed inhibition was 25% and 16%, respectively”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Glutathione reduced Cd inhibition of ALAD to 2%.
- Treatment
- glutathionee0
- Outcome
- % inhibition of enzyme activity by Cde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 2%e0
- Comparator
- Cde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“More substantial reduction in % inhibition of enzyme activity by Cd was observed during treatment with glutathione, a ubiquitous thiol and levulinic acid, a competitive inhibitor of ALAD, with the inhibition being only 2% and 4%, respectively”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Levulinic acid reduced Cd inhibition of ALAD to 4%.
- Treatment
- levulinic acide0
- Outcome
- % inhibition of enzyme activity by Cde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 4%e0
- Comparator
- Cde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“More substantial reduction in % inhibition of enzyme activity by Cd was observed during treatment with glutathione, a ubiquitous thiol and levulinic acid, a competitive inhibitor of ALAD, with the inhibition being only 2% and 4%, respectively”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential metal ions Mg, Zn, and Mn reduced Cd inhibition of ALAD activity.
- Treatment
- Mg, Zn, and Mne0
- Outcome
- % inhibition of enzyme activity by Cde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- Cde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supply of some essential metal ions, such as Mg, Zn, and Mn, also reduced the % inhibition of enzyme activity by Cd”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing ALA concentration during assay increased Cd inhibition of ALAD from 17% to 53%.
- Treatment
- increasing ALA concentratione0
- Outcome
- % inhibition of enzyme activity by Cde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17% to 53%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inclusion of varying concentrations of ALA during assay also affected the % inhibition of enzyme activity by Cd showing an increased inhibition from 17% to 53% with increasing ALA concentration”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggested Cd inhibits ALAD by disrupting ALA binding or thiol interactions.
- Treatment
- Cde0
- Outcome
- ALAD activitye0
- Qualifier
- affecting the ALA binding to the enzyme and/or disrupting thiol interactione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It is suggested that Cd inhibits ALAD activity by affecting the ALA binding to the enzyme and/or disrupting thiol interaction”
t0“maize”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.