Abstract
A long term field experiment began in 1979 at Wagga Wagga, N.S.W., to compare the sustainability of a range of rotation, tillage and stubble management systems on a red earth. This paper reports yield, yield components and grain protein of wheat for 1979-90. Rotations considered were alternating lupin-wheat (LW), lupin-wheat-wheat (LWW), continuous wheat (WW) with and without N fertilizer (100 kg N/ha), and alternating sub-clover-wheat (CW). Soil N supply at the start of the experiment was high following many years of sub-clover based pasture. From 1979 to 1983, there was a negative grain yield response to N fertilizer and no response to a legume in rotation except in the drought of 1982 when low yields were recorded from LW. Thereafter, a positive grain yield response was usually produced to N fertilizer in WW rotations, until 1989 and 1990, when these crops displayed aluminium toxicity sym ptoms. Overall, average grain yields from legume rotations were higher than WW with added N fertilizer. Since 1983, LW rotations consistently produced higher mean grain yields than CW, but mean grain protein and total N uptake were lower. Yields and N uptake by the second wheat crop in a LWW rotation indicated little carryover of benefits from the lupins. Slightly higher mean grain yield and harvest index, but lower mean grain protein, were produced by direct drilling, compared with cultivation before sowing, following lupins or sub-clover. However, retaining stubble rather than burning in autumn consistently reduced grain yields. There was no evidence that early burial of wheat stubble following summer rain, rather than incorporation in autumn, improved grain yield or total N uptake. The build-up of giant brome grass and diseases, particularly where stubble was retained and crops direct-drilled, casts some doubt on the long term sustainability of these short term rotations in this environment.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
From 1979 to 1983, N fertilizer gave a negative grain yield response compared with continuous wheat without N fertilizer.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- N fertilizere2
- Outcome
- grain yield responsee2
- Direction
- negativee2
- Qualifier
- From 1979 to 1983e2
- Comparator
- without N fertilizere1
- Setting
- southern NSWt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long term effects of rotation, tillage and stubble management on wheat production in southern NSW”
e1“continuous wheat (WW) with and without N fertilizer (100 kg N/ha)”
e2“From 1979 to 1983, there was a negative grain yield response to N fertilizer and no response to a legume in rotation except in the drought of 1982 when low yields were recorded from LW”
Claim · model-written summary
From 1979 to 1983, a legume in rotation gave no grain yield response except in the 1982 drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- legume in rotatione2
- Outcome
- grain yield responsee2
- Direction
- no responsee2
- Qualifier
- except in the drought of 1982e2
- Setting
- southern NSWt0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long term effects of rotation, tillage and stubble management on wheat production in southern NSW”
e2“From 1979 to 1983, there was a negative grain yield response to N fertilizer and no response to a legume in rotation except in the drought of 1982 when low yields were recorded from LW”
Claim · model-written summary
In the 1982 drought, low yields were recorded from LW rotations.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- LWe2
- Outcome
- low yieldse2
- Setting
- drought of 1982e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long term effects of rotation, tillage and stubble management on wheat production in southern NSW”
e2“From 1979 to 1983, there was a negative grain yield response to N fertilizer and no response to a legume in rotation except in the drought of 1982 when low yields were recorded from LW”
Claim · model-written summary
From 1984 to 1989-1990, N fertilizer usually gave a positive grain yield response in WW rotations.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N fertilizere3
- Outcome
- grain yield responsee3
- Direction
- positivee3
- Qualifier
- until 1989 and 1990e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long term effects of rotation, tillage and stubble management on wheat production in southern NSW”
e3“Thereafter, a positive grain yield response was usually produced to N fertilizer in WW rotations, until 1989 and 1990”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume rotations gave higher average grain yields than WW with added N fertilizer.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- legume rotationse4
- Outcome
- average grain yieldse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- WW with added N fertilizere4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long term effects of rotation, tillage and stubble management on wheat production in southern NSW”
e4“Overall, average grain yields from legume rotations were higher than WW with added N fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Since 1983, LW rotations gave higher mean grain yields than CW.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- LW rotationse5
- Outcome
- mean grain yieldse5
- Direction
- highere5
- Qualifier
- Since 1983e5
- Comparator
- CWe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long term effects of rotation, tillage and stubble management on wheat production in southern NSW”
e5“Since 1983, LW rotations consistently produced higher mean grain yields than CW, but mean grain protein and total N uptake were lower”
Claim · model-written summary
Since 1983, LW rotations gave lower mean grain protein and total N uptake than CW.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- LW rotationse5
- Outcome
- mean grain protein and total N uptakee5
- Direction
- lowere5
- Qualifier
- Since 1983e5
- Comparator
- CWe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long term effects of rotation, tillage and stubble management on wheat production in southern NSW”
e5“Since 1983, LW rotations consistently produced higher mean grain yields than CW, but mean grain protein and total N uptake were lower”
Claim · model-written summary
The second wheat crop in a LWW rotation showed little carryover of benefits from the lupins.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- LWW rotatione6
- Outcome
- carryover of benefits from the lupinse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long term effects of rotation, tillage and stubble management on wheat production in southern NSW”
e6“Yields and N uptake by the second wheat crop in a LWW rotation indicated little carryover of benefits from the lupins”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct drilling gave slightly higher mean grain yield and harvest index than cultivation before sowing, following lupins or sub-clover.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- direct drillinge7
- Outcome
- mean grain yield and harvest indexe7
- Direction
- highere7
- Qualifier
- following lupins or sub-clovere7
- Comparator
- cultivation before sowinge7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long term effects of rotation, tillage and stubble management on wheat production in southern NSW”
e7“Slightly higher mean grain yield and harvest index, but lower mean grain protein, were produced by direct drilling, compared with cultivation before sowing, following lupins or sub-clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct drilling gave lower mean grain protein than cultivation before sowing, following lupins or sub-clover.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- direct drillinge7
- Outcome
- mean grain proteine7
- Direction
- lowere7
- Qualifier
- following lupins or sub-clovere7
- Comparator
- cultivation before sowinge7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long term effects of rotation, tillage and stubble management on wheat production in southern NSW”
e7“Slightly higher mean grain yield and harvest index, but lower mean grain protein, were produced by direct drilling, compared with cultivation before sowing, following lupins or sub-clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Retaining stubble rather than burning in autumn consistently reduced grain yields.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- retaining stubblee1
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- in autumne1
- Comparator
- burninge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long term effects of rotation, tillage and stubble management on wheat production in southern NSW”
e1“However, retaining stubble rather than burning in autumn consistently reduced grain yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Early burial of wheat stubble after summer rain did not improve grain yield or total N uptake compared with autumn incorporation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- early burial of wheat stubblee1
- Outcome
- grain yield or total N uptakee1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Qualifier
- following summer raine1
- Comparator
- incorporation in autumne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long term effects of rotation, tillage and stubble management on wheat production in southern NSW”
e1“There was no evidence that early burial of wheat stubble following summer rain, rather than incorporation in autumn, improved grain yield or total N uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Giant brome grass and disease build-up occurred where stubble was retained and crops were direct-drilled.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- stubble was retained and crops direct-drillede1
- Interactor
- giant brome grasse1weed
- Outcome
- build-up of giant brome grass and diseasese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long term effects of rotation, tillage and stubble management on wheat production in southern NSW”
e1“The build-up of giant brome grass and diseases, particularly where stubble was retained and crops direct-drilled, casts some doubt on the long term sustainability of these short term rotations in this environment”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminium toxicity symptoms appeared in these crops in 1989 and 1990.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- aluminium toxicitye1
- Qualifier
- until 1989 and 1990e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Long term effects of rotation, tillage and stubble management on wheat production in southern NSW”
e1“when these crops displayed aluminium toxicity”
e2“Thereafter, a positive grain yield response was usually produced to N fertilizer in WW rotations, until 1989 and 1990”
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