Abstract
Variation in cyanogenesis (hydrogen cyanide release following tissue damage) was first noted in populations of white clover more than a century ago, and subsequent decades of research have established this system as a classic example of an adaptive chemical defence polymorphism. Here, we document polymorphisms for cyanogenic components in several relatives of white clover, and we determine the molecular basis of this trans-specific adaptive variation. One hundred and thirty-nine plants, representing 13 of the 14 species within Trifolium section Trifoliastrum, plus additional species across the genus, were assayed for cyanogenic components (cyanogenic glucosides and their hydrolysing enzyme, linamarase) and for the presence of underlying cyanogenesis genes (CYP79D15 and Li, respectively). One or both cyanogenic components were detected in seven species, all within section Trifoliastrum; polymorphisms for the presence/absence (PA) of components were detected in six species. In a pattern that parallels our previous findings for white clover, all observed biochemical polymorphisms correspond to gene PA polymorphisms at CYP79D15 and Li. Relationships of DNA sequence haplotypes at the cyanogenesis loci and flanking genomic regions suggest independent evolution of gene deletions within species. This study thus provides evidence for the parallel evolution of adaptive biochemical polymorphisms through recurrent gene deletions in multiple species.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Cyanogenic components were found in seven species of section Trifoliastrum.
TrifoliumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One or both cyanogenic components were detected in seven species, all within section Trifoliastrum”
t0“Trifolium”
Claim · model-written summary
Six species had presence/absence polymorphisms for cyanogenic components.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“polymorphisms for the presence/absence (PA) of components were detected in six species.”
t0“Trifolium”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochemical polymorphisms corresponded to CYP79D15 and Li gene presence/absence polymorphisms.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all observed biochemical polymorphisms correspond to gene PA polymorphisms at CYP79D15 and Li.”
t0“Trifolium”
Claim · model-written summary
Haplotype relationships suggest independent evolution of gene deletions within species.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relationships of DNA sequence haplotypes at the cyanogenesis loci and flanking genomic regions suggest independent evolution of gene deletions within species.”
t0“Trifolium”
Claim · model-written summary
Repeated gene deletions support parallel evolution of adaptive biochemical polymorphisms.
- Outcome
- parallel evolution of adaptive biochemical polymorphismse0
- Qualifier
- recurrent gene deletionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“parallel evolution of adaptive biochemical polymorphisms through recurrent gene deletions in multiple species.”
t0“Trifolium”