Abstract
Flooding of soil, tilting of seedlings, application of ethrel to stems, and combinations of these treatments, variously altered the rate of growth and stem anatomy of 2-year-old Pinus densiflora seedlings. Either flooding or tilting increased stem diameter growth and induced formation of abnormal xylem. Whereas flooding decreased the rate of dry weight increment of roots and needles and increased growth of bark tissues, tilting of stems did not. However, tilting decreased the rate of height growth, stimulated tracheid production, and induced formation of well-developed compression wood with rounded, thick-walled tracheids, with a high lignin content but without an S3 layer in the tracheid wall. Ethylene appeared to have an important regulatory role in stimulating growth of bark tissues as shown by thicker bark in flooded seedlings or those treated with ethrel. Ethylene appeared to have a less important role in regulating formation of compression wood. Flooding increased the ethylene contents of stems and induced formation of rounded, thick-walled tracheids. However, these tracheids lacked such features of well-developed compression wood tracheids as a thick S2 layer, high lignin content, and absence of an S3 layer. Furthermore, application of ethrel to vertical stems greatly increased their ethylene contents but did not induce formation of well-developed compression wood. Furthermore, ethrel application blocked development of certain characteristics of compression wood when applied to tilted seedlings. For example an S3 wall layer was absent in tracheids of tilted seedlings but present in tracheids of tilted, ethrel-treated seedlings. Also lignification of tracheids was increased on the under side of tilted stems, but reduced in tilted, ethrel-treated seedlings, further de-emphasizing a direct role of ethylene in the formation of compression wood. Ethrel treatment induced formation of longitudinal resin ducts in the xylem whereas flooding or tilting of stems did not.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Flooding increased stem diameter growth.
- Taxon
- Pinus densiflora
Pinus densiflorat0 - Treatment
- floodinge0
- Outcome
- stem diameter growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Either flooding or tilting increased stem diameter growth and induced formation of abnormal xylem”
t0“Pinus densiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Tilting increased stem diameter growth.
- Taxon
- Pinus densifloraPinus densiflorat0
- Treatment
- tiltinge0
- Outcome
- stem diameter growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Either flooding or tilting increased stem diameter growth and induced formation of abnormal xylem”
t0“Pinus densiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Flooding induced abnormal xylem.
- Taxon
- Pinus densifloraPinus densiflorat0
- Treatment
- floodinge0
- Outcome
- abnormal xyleme0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Either flooding or tilting increased stem diameter growth and induced formation of abnormal xylem”
t0“Pinus densiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Tilting induced abnormal xylem.
- Taxon
- Pinus densifloraPinus densiflorat0
- Treatment
- tiltinge0
- Outcome
- abnormal xyleme0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Either flooding or tilting increased stem diameter growth and induced formation of abnormal xylem”
t0“Pinus densiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Flooding decreased dry weight increment in roots and needles.
- Taxon
- Pinus densifloraPinus densiflorat0
- Treatment
- floodinge0
- Outcome
- rate of dry weight increment of roots and needlese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flooding decreased the rate of dry weight increment of roots and needles”
t0“Pinus densiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Flooding increased bark growth.
- Taxon
- Pinus densifloraPinus densiflorat0
- Treatment
- floodinge0
- Outcome
- growth of bark tissuese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flooding decreased the rate of dry weight increment of roots and needles and increased growth of bark tissues”
t0“Pinus densiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Tilting did not decrease root and needle dry weight increment or increase bark growth.
- Taxon
- Pinus densifloraPinus densiflorat0
- Treatment
- tilting of stemse0
- Outcome
- did note0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased growth of bark tissues, tilting of stems did not”
t0“Pinus densiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Tilting decreased height growth.
- Taxon
- Pinus densifloraPinus densiflorat0
- Treatment
- tiltinge0
- Outcome
- rate of height growthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tilting decreased the rate of height growth”
t0“Pinus densiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Tilting stimulated tracheid production.
- Taxon
- Pinus densifloraPinus densiflorat0
- Treatment
- tiltinge0
- Outcome
- tracheid productione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tilting decreased the rate of height growth, stimulated tracheid production”
t0“Pinus densiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Tilting formed well-developed compression wood with rounded, thick-walled, lignin-rich tracheids lacking S3.
- Taxon
- Pinus densifloraPinus densiflorat1
- Treatment
- tiltingt0
- Outcome
- well-developed compression wood with rounded, thick-walled tracheidse0
- Qualifier
- high lignin content but without an S3 layere0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“induced formation of well-developed compression wood with rounded, thick-walled tracheids, with a high lignin content but without an S3 layer in the tracheid wall”
t0“Tilting of Stems”
t1“Pinus densiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Flooded seedlings had thicker bark.
- Taxon
- Pinus densifloraPinus densiflorat0
- Treatment
- floodede0
- Outcome
- barke0
- Direction
- thickere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thicker bark in flooded seedlings”
t0“Pinus densiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethrel-treated seedlings had thicker bark.
- Taxon
- Pinus densifloraPinus densiflorat0
- Treatment
- treated with ethrele0
- Outcome
- barke0
- Direction
- thickere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thicker bark in flooded seedlings or those treated with ethrel”
t0“Pinus densiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Flooding increased stem ethylene.
- Taxon
- Pinus densifloraPinus densiflorat0
- Treatment
- Floodinge0
- Outcome
- ethylene contents of stemse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flooding increased the ethylene contents of stems”
t0“Pinus densiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Flooding formed rounded, thick-walled tracheids lacking key compression wood features.
- Taxon
- Pinus densifloraPinus densiflorat0
- Treatment
- Floodinge0
- Outcome
- rounded, thick-walled tracheidse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flooding increased the ethylene contents of stems and induced formation of rounded, thick-walled tracheids”
t0“Pinus densiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethrel greatly increased stem ethylene in vertical stems.
- Taxon
- Pinus densifloraPinus densiflorat0
- Treatment
- application of ethrel to vertical stemse0
- Outcome
- ethylene contentse0
- Direction
- greatly increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of ethrel to vertical stems greatly increased their ethylene contents”
t0“Pinus densiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethrel on vertical stems did not induce well-developed compression wood.
- Taxon
- Pinus densifloraPinus densiflorat1
- Treatment
- ethrelt0
- Outcome
- well-developed compression woode0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“did not induce formation of well-developed compression wood”
t0“Ethrel Application”
t1“Pinus densiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethrel treatment of tilted seedlings retained an S3 tracheid wall layer.
- Taxon
- Pinus densifloraPinus densiflorat0
- Treatment
- ethrel-treated seedlingse0
- Outcome
- S3 wall layere0
- Direction
- presente0
- Comparator
- tilted seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an S3 wall layer was absent in tracheids of tilted seedlings but present in tracheids of tilted, ethrel-treated seedlings”
t0“Pinus densiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethrel treatment reduced underside tracheid lignification in tilted stems.
- Taxon
- Pinus densifloraPinus densiflorat0
- Treatment
- ethrel-treated seedlingse0
- Outcome
- lignification of tracheidse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- tilted stemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lignification of tracheids was increased on the under side of tilted stems, but reduced in tilted, ethrel-treated seedlings”
t0“Pinus densiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethrel induced longitudinal resin ducts in xylem.
- Taxon
- Pinus densifloraPinus densiflorat0
- Treatment
- Ethrel treatmente0
- Outcome
- longitudinal resin ducts in the xyleme0
- Comparator
- flooding or tilting of stemse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethrel treatment induced formation of longitudinal resin ducts in the xylem whereas flooding or tilting of stems did not”
t0“Pinus densiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene appeared less important in compression wood formation than bark growth.
- Taxon
- Pinus densifloraPinus densiflorat0
- Outcome
- formation of compression woode0
- Qualifier
- less important rolee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethylene appeared to have a less important role in regulating formation of compression wood”
t0“Pinus densiflora”