Abstract
Environmental pollution with heavy metals is one of the major current problems, because their uncontrolled release has already led to accumulation in water and sediment. Some heavy metals are essential for plant development like Cu while others like Cd are not. However, both can cause phyto-toxic effects when present at high levels in the environment. Maximal allowable amounts (MAC) according to valid Directives are: in surface and underground waters of II and III class 5 µg/l Cu, 0.45-0.6 µg/l Cd and in irrigation water 100 µg/l Cu, 10 µg/l Cd. However, the content of Cu and Cd in watercourses often exceeds the abovementioned limits. Therefore, its detection in water is significant for water risk assessment, and the roll of plants as bioindicators is gaining in importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of barley (Horedum vulgare L.) and white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) to different levels of Cu and Cd in water, as potential bioindicators of water pollution with these heavy metals. A standard filter paper method (ISTA Regulations book, 2011) was used. The toxic effects of Cu (0.025-100 µg/l) and Cd (0.01- 200µg/l) were assessed on physiological (germination) and morphological (root and shoot length and fresh and dry weights) traits of test species. The results were processed with Duncans multiple range test. Plant responses to metals were species and concentration dependant. Cu and Cd did not affect germination of barley seeds, regardless on concentration. However, Cu inhibited seedlings root growth and fresh weight at 0.025 µg/l, dry weight, shoot growth and fresh shoot weight at 2 µg/l. Cd inhibited only root and shoot growth of barley seedlings at 100 µg/l. Germination of white mustard seeds was significantly reduced in treatments with 5 µg/l Cu and 1 µg/l Cd. Root growth was inhibited at 2, 50 and 100 µg/l Cu, while the presence of 1 µg/l Cu in water significantly reduced fresh root weight. Cd at 200 µg/l inhibited root length of white mustard seedlings, while shoot length was stimulated at >10 µg/l Cd. Results indicate at barley and white mustard sensitivity towards Cu, when present in water in amounts lower than MACs. However, Cd in amounts lower than MACs had no effect on most of the observed traits of tested plants.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Cu and Cd did not affect barley seed germination at the tested concentrations.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Treatment
- Cu and Cde0
- Outcome
- germination of barley seedse0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Cu and Cd did not affect germination of barley seeds, regardless on concentration.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu at 0.025 µg/l inhibited barley seedling root growth and fresh weight.
- Taxon
- BARLEYHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Cue0
- Outcome
- seedlings root growth and fresh weighte0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 0.025 µg/le0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cu inhibited seedlings root growth and fresh weight at 0.025 µg/l”
t0“BARLEY”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu at 2 µg/l inhibited barley seedling dry weight, shoot growth, and fresh shoot weight.
- Taxon
- BARLEYHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Cue1
- Outcome
- dry weight, shoot growth and fresh shoot weighte0
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Value
- 2 µg/le0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry weight, shoot growth and fresh shoot weight at 2 µg/l”
e1“Cu inhibited seedlings root growth and fresh weight at 0.025 µg/l, dry weight, shoot growth and fresh shoot weight at 2 µg/l”
t0“BARLEY”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd at 100 µg/l inhibited barley seedling root and shoot growth.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- Cde0
- Outcome
- root and shoot growth of barley seedlingse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 100 µg/le0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd inhibited only root and shoot growth of barley seedlings at 100 µg/l”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu at 5 µg/l significantly reduced white mustard seed germination.
- Taxon
- white mustard
Sinapis albae0 - Treatment
- 5 µg/l Cue0
- Outcome
- Germination of white mustard seedse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination of white mustard seeds was significantly reduced in treatments with 5 µg/l Cu and 1 µg/l Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd at 1 µg/l significantly reduced white mustard seed germination.
- Taxon
- white mustardSinapis albae0
- Treatment
- 1 µg/l Cde0
- Outcome
- Germination of white mustard seedse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination of white mustard seeds was significantly reduced in treatments with 5 µg/l Cu and 1 µg/l Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu at 2, 50, and 100 µg/l inhibited white mustard root growth.
- Taxon
- WHITE MUSTARDSinapis albat0
- Treatment
- 2, 50 and 100 µg/l Cue0
- Outcome
- Root growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root growth was inhibited at 2, 50 and 100 µg/l Cu”
t0“WHITE MUSTARD”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu at 1 µg/l significantly reduced white mustard fresh root weight.
- Taxon
- WHITE MUSTARDSinapis albat0
- Treatment
- 1 µg/l Cue0
- Outcome
- fresh root weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the presence of 1 µg/l Cu in water significantly reduced fresh root weight”
t0“WHITE MUSTARD”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd at 200 µg/l inhibited white mustard seedling root length.
- Taxon
- white mustardSinapis albae0
- Treatment
- Cd at 200 µg/le0
- Outcome
- root length of white mustard seedlingse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd at 200 µg/l inhibited root length of white mustard seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd above 10 µg/l stimulated white mustard seedling shoot length.
- Taxon
- WHITE MUSTARDSinapis albat0
- Treatment
- >10 µg/l Cde0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot length was stimulated at >10 µg/l Cd”
t0“WHITE MUSTARD”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley and white mustard were sensitive to Cu below the maximum allowable amount in water.
- Taxon
- barley and white mustardSinapis albaHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- sensitivity towards Cue0
- Qualifier
- amounts lower than MACse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“barley and white mustard sensitivity towards Cu, when present in water in amounts lower than MACs”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd below the maximum allowable amount had no effect on most observed traits of the tested plants.
- Taxon
- BARLEY AND WHITE MUSTARDt0
- Treatment
- Cd in amounts lower than MACse0
- Outcome
- most of the observed traits of tested plantse0
- Direction
- had no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Cd in amounts lower than MACs had no effect on most of the observed traits of tested plants”
t0“BARLEY AND WHITE MUSTARD”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · growth · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Results differ
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- positive
- positive
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1 in the opposite direction
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copper atom · growth · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
17 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
22 papers more in this group
See all 26 papers →copper atom · growth · Sinapis alba (white mustard)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.