Abstract
Needles from healthy Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) at Willerzie in the West Ardennes and from trees with symptoms of dieback at Langesthal in the East Ardennes were analyzed by age class for mineral composition. Both stands were on acid oligotrophic soils. At Willerzie, needles were sampled from plots fertilized 12 to 17 years earlier (dolomitic lime plus N, P and K) as well as unfertilized plots. Effects of fertilization included increased levels of calcium, manganese, phosphorus, and copper and reduced levels of total sulfur, sulfate-S, sulfate-S:total S, potassium and aluminum. Levels of calcium, magnesium, copper and boron were low at both sites and, at Langesthal, calcium and magnesium may have been deficient. Sulfur level was normal at Willerzie, but at Langesthal, mean sulfur content for needles of all age classes was 198 mg 100 g(-1) dry weight, a level that may be toxic. In older needles, the N:S ratio at Langesthal was below the threshold value of eight reported to be necessary for healthy growth. Other symptoms of stress observed were high sulfate-S:total S and nitrate-N:total N ratios. At Langesthal, manganese level was probably adequate although only one-fifth the level at Willerzie. Levels of aluminum and iron were very high at both sites. Most of the iron and much of the aluminum occurred as a surface deposit that could be removed by washing the needles in chloroform.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization increased needle calcium, manganese, phosphorus and copper.
- Taxon
- Norway spruce
Picea abiese1 - Organ / stage
- Needlese1
- Treatment
- fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- levels of calcium, manganese, phosphorus, and coppere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- unfertilized plotse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Effects of fertilization included increased levels of calcium, manganese, phosphorus, and copper and reduced levels of total sulfur, sulfate-S, sulfate-S:total S, potassium and aluminum.”
e1“Needles from healthy Norway spruce”
e2“unfertilized plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization reduced needle sulfur measures, potassium and aluminum.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiese1
- Treatment
- fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- levels of total sulfur, sulfate-S, sulfate-S:total S, potassium and aluminume0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- unfertilized plotse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Effects of fertilization included increased levels of calcium, manganese, phosphorus, and copper and reduced levels of total sulfur, sulfate-S, sulfate-S:total S, potassium and aluminum.”
e1“Needles from healthy Norway spruce”
e2“unfertilized plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium, magnesium, copper and boron levels were low at both sites.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiese1
- Outcome
- Levels of calcium, magnesium, copper and borone0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Setting
- both sitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Levels of calcium, magnesium, copper and boron were low at both sites and, at Langesthal, calcium and magnesium may have been deficient.”
e1“Needles from healthy Norway spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium and magnesium may have been deficient at Langesthal.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiese1
- Outcome
- calcium and magnesiume0
- Direction
- deficiente0
- Setting
- Langesthale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Levels of calcium, magnesium, copper and boron were low at both sites and, at Langesthal, calcium and magnesium may have been deficient.”
e1“Needles from healthy Norway spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Langesthal needle sulfur averaged 198 mg 100 g(-1) dry weight and may have been toxic.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiese1
- Outcome
- mean sulfur contente0
- Value
- 198 mg 100 g(-1) dry weighte0
- Qualifier
- may be toxice0
- Setting
- Langesthale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at Langesthal, mean sulfur content for needles of all age classes was 198 mg 100 g(-1) dry weight, a level that may be toxic.”
e1“Needles from healthy Norway spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur level was normal at Willerzie.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiese1
- Outcome
- Sulfur levele0
- Direction
- normale0
- Setting
- Willerziee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfur level was normal at Willerzie”
e1“Needles from healthy Norway spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Older Langesthal needles had N:S ratio below the healthy-growth threshold of eight.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiese1
- Organ / stage
- older needlese0
- Outcome
- N:S ratioe0
- Direction
- belowe0
- Value
- eighte0
- Setting
- Langesthale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In older needles, the N:S ratio at Langesthal was below the threshold value of eight reported to be necessary for healthy growth.”
e1“Needles from healthy Norway spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
High sulfate-S:total S and nitrate-N:total N ratios signaled stress.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiese1
- Outcome
- sulfate-S:total S and nitrate-N:total N ratiose0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Other symptoms of stress observed were high sulfate-S:total S and nitrate-N:total N ratios.”
e1“Needles from healthy Norway spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Langesthal manganese was one-fifth Willerzie level yet probably adequate.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiese1
- Outcome
- manganese levele0
- Direction
- only one-fifthe0
- Value
- one-fifthe0
- Qualifier
- probably adequatee0
- Comparator
- Willerziee0
- Setting
- Langesthale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At Langesthal, manganese level was probably adequate although only one-fifth the level at Willerzie.”
e1“Needles from healthy Norway spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum and iron levels were very high at both sites.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiese1
- Outcome
- Levels of aluminum and irone0
- Direction
- very highe0
- Setting
- both sitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Levels of aluminum and iron were very high at both sites.”
e1“Needles from healthy Norway spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Much aluminum and most iron occurred as a removable surface deposit.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiese1
- Outcome
- surface deposite0
- Qualifier
- could be removed by washing the needles in chloroforme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most of the iron and much of the aluminum occurred as a surface deposit that could be removed by washing the needles in chloroform.”
e1“Needles from healthy Norway spruce”