Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cadmium (Cd) is a trace element that has been associated with various human health problems. Cd enters plants, either by direct absorption through leaves or by uptake from soils, allowing Cd into the food chain. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer management is important in optimizing crop yield and protein content of durum wheat, but may influence Cd availability and hence Cd concentration in crops, with the effects being strongly influenced by environmental conditions and crop cultivar. RESULTS: In field studies, Cd and protein concentration in durum wheat grain differed between cultivars and were strongly affected by N application, with only minor effects of N occurring on concentration and uptake of P and Zn. Protein content increased significantly with N application in five of six site-years, with the response being generally independent of cultivar and seeding data. Cd concentration also increased with N application in five of six seeding dates, with the response being greater in AC Melita than Arcola in three of the six site-years. There were large differences in Cd concentration from year to year and with seeding date, indicating a strong environmental influence. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that different cultivars accumulate different levels of Cd in the grain and that seeding date and nitrogen fertilizer management can influence grain Cd concentration, with the magnitude of effects varying with environmental factors. In the future we may be able to manipulate management practices to optimize protein concentration and minimize Cd concentration in durum wheat, which could help to address the health and safety concerns of consumers.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Durum wheat grain Cd concentration differed among cultivars.
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0 - Material
- cultivarse0
- Outcome
- Cde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd and protein concentration in durum wheat grain differed between cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Durum wheat grain protein concentration differed among cultivars.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Material
- cultivarse0
- Outcome
- protein concentratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd and protein concentration in durum wheat grain differed between cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application significantly increased grain protein in five of six durum wheat site-years.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- N applicatione0
- Outcome
- Protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- five of six site-yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protein content increased significantly with N application in five of six site-years”
e1“durum wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application increased grain Cd concentration in five of six seeding dates.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- N applicatione0
- Outcome
- Cd concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- five of six seeding datese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd concentration also increased with N application in five of six seeding dates”
e1“durum wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen had only minor effects on P concentration and uptake in durum wheat.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- Ne0
- Outcome
- concentration and uptake of Pe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only minor effects of N occurring on concentration and uptake of P and Zn”
e1“durum wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen had only minor effects on Zn concentration and uptake in durum wheat.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- Ne0
- Outcome
- uptake of P and Zne0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only minor effects of N occurring on concentration and uptake of P and Zn”
e1“durum wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
The Cd response to nitrogen was greater in AC Melita than Arcola in three of six site-years.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume2
- Material
- AC Melitae0
- Outcome
- Cd concentratione1
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- three of the six site-yearse0
- Comparator
- Arcolae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the response being greater in AC Melita than Arcola in three of the six site-years”
e1“Cd concentration also increased with N application”
e2“durum wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Durum wheat grain Cd concentration varied greatly among years.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Outcome
- Cd concentratione0
- Qualifier
- year to yeare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were large differences in Cd concentration from year to year and with seeding date”
e1“durum wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Durum wheat grain Cd concentration varied greatly with seeding date.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- seeding datee0
- Outcome
- Cd concentratione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were large differences in Cd concentration from year to year and with seeding date”
e1“durum wheat grain”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · nutrient: content · Triticum turgidum (rivet wheat)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 17 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
16 papers more in this group
See all 20 papers →nitrogen · quality: protein · Triticum turgidum (rivet wheat)Positive and negative results
22 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
20 papers more in this group
See all 24 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.