Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is triggered by recognition of elicitors called microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Although immune responses may provide good protection of plants from pathogen attack, excessive immune responses have negative impacts on plant growth and development. Thus, a good balance between positive and negative effects on the immune signaling network is important for plant fitness. However, little information is known about the molecular mechanisms that are involved in attenuation of PTI. Here, we describe a growth-promoting peptide hormone, phytosulfokine (PSK), as attenuating PTI signaling in Arabidopsis. This research was motivated by the observation that expression of the PSK Receptor 1 (PSKR1) gene was induced by MAMP treatment. Plants homozygous for pskr1 T-DNA insertions showed enhanced defense gene expression and seedling growth inhibition triggered by MAMPs. The pskr1 plants also showed enhanced PTI against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. These results indicate that the PSKR-mediated signaling attenuates immune responses. Tyrosyl protein sulfotransferase (TPST) is an enzyme required for production of the mature sulfated PSK. Like pskr1 mutants, a tpst T-DNA insertion line exhibited enhanced MAMP-triggered seedling growth inhibition, which was suppressed by exogenous application of PSK. Thus, PSK signaling mediated by PSKR1 attenuates PTI but stimulates growth.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
MAMP treatment induced PSKR1 expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise1 - Treatment
- MAMP treatmente0
- Gene
- PSK Receptor 1 (PSKR1)e0
- Outcome
- expression of the PSK Receptor 1 (PSKR1) genee0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“expression of the PSK Receptor 1 (PSKR1) gene was induced by MAMP treatment”
e1“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
pskr1 insertion plants had enhanced MAMP-triggered defense gene expression.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Material
- pskr1 T-DNA insertionse0
- Treatment
- MAMPse0
- Outcome
- defense gene expressione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants homozygous for pskr1 T-DNA insertions showed enhanced defense gene expression and seedling growth inhibition triggered by MAMPs.”
e1“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
pskr1 insertion plants had enhanced MAMP-triggered seedling growth inhibition.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Material
- pskr1 T-DNA insertionse0
- Treatment
- MAMPse0
- Outcome
- seedling growth inhibitione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants homozygous for pskr1 T-DNA insertions showed enhanced defense gene expression and seedling growth inhibition triggered by MAMPs.”
e1“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
pskr1 plants showed enhanced PTI against Pseudomonas syringae.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Material
- pskr1 plantse0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae
Pseudomonas syringaee0pathogen - Outcome
- PTI against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringaee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pskr1 plants also showed enhanced PTI against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae.”
e1“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
A tpst insertion line showed enhanced MAMP-triggered seedling growth inhibition.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Material
- tpst T-DNA insertion linee0
- Treatment
- MAMPe0
- Outcome
- seedling growth inhibitione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a tpst T-DNA insertion line exhibited enhanced MAMP-triggered seedling growth inhibition”
e1“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous PSK suppressed the enhanced MAMP-triggered growth inhibition of the tpst line.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise2
- Material
- tpst T-DNA insertion linee1
- Treatment
- exogenous application of PSKe0
- Outcome
- seedling growth inhibitione1
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which was suppressed by exogenous application of PSK”
e1“a tpst T-DNA insertion line exhibited enhanced MAMP-triggered seedling growth inhibition”
e2“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that PSK signaling through PSKR1 attenuates PTI and stimulates growth.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Gene
- PSKR1e0
- Outcome
- PTIe0
- Direction
- attenuatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PSK signaling mediated by PSKR1 attenuates PTI but stimulates growth.”
e1“in Arabidopsis”
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