Abstract
Arid legumes are adjudged for sustaining growth and production, especially in drier eco-systems encountered with harsh and hostile growing environments. Sustained breeding efforts have been made to improve these crops so as to make them more productive. In guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.], early maturing (85–90 days) varieties like, ‘RGC-936’, ‘HG-365’ and ‘HG-563’ suited to 300–400 mm rainfall, medium maturing(90–105 days)varieties like,‘RG-1002’, ‘RGC-1003’, ‘RGC-1038’, ‘HG-870’ and ‘HG-884’ suited to 400–450 mm rainfall and long duration (110–120 days) varieties like, ‘H-220’ and ‘RGC-986’ suited to 500–550 mm rainfall have been developed. Guar cultivar ‘RGC-1066’ is also suitable for mechanical harvesting. In cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], varieties with improved plant types and early maturity (60–62 days) like, ‘RC-101’, mediummaturitylike, ‘Co (CP-7)’ (67–73 days) and ‘GC-3’ (90–95 days and adapted to whole country) and late maturity (>95 days) like, ‘V-585’, ‘V-240’ and ‘KBC-2’ withdualpurposehave alsobeendeveloped.Inmothbean[Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal], varieties with erect upright growth(‘FMO-96’maturedin58-60 days),erect growth(‘RMO40’, ‘RMO-225’ and ‘CAZRI-Moth-3’ in 60–63 days), semi-erect growth (‘CAZRI Moth-2’ in 66–68 days) and semi-spreading growth (‘CAZRI Moth-1’ in 72–74 days) suiting to 150–400 mm rainfall have been developed. In horsegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verd], promising varieties maturing in 85–90 days (‘AK-21’ and ‘AK-42’), 90–100 days (‘PHG-9’, ‘CRIDA-118R'and‘BJPL-1’)and105-111 days (‘VLG-15’and‘VLG-19’) have also been released. Besides this, protocols for rapid callus induction and regeneration systems have also been developed in arid legumes. QTLs for resistance to thrips damage have been identified in cowpea. Efficient cropping sequences like, guar-mustard and guar-wheat are widely followed in northern India. In southern states, growing short duration horsegram with rice by replacing cowpea is beneficial. In Orissa and parts of Andhra Pradesh, horsegram is successfully cultivated in rice/maize/sorghum sequences. Beneficial effects of intercropping guar with pearl millet/sorghum/maize/castor have also been observed. Moth bean+pearl millet (3:1) intercropping system is effective in arid situations. However, cowpea+castor (6:1) is found to have the highest monetary return over other intercropping systems. Foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% at 25 or 45 days of sowing (DAS) has been useful with 15–20% higher seed yield in guar, cowpea and moth bean. Basalin @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha in moth bean and guar; and pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha + one hand weeding in cowpea are useful for effective weedcontrol withleast weedindex. Organic, inorganic, biocontrol management and IPM strategies have also been developed against major pests and diseases. Guar gum (galactomannan) - a polysaccharide organic compound - is used in a number of industrial products where water is an important factor. However, varieties having more than 32.0% gum content and higher viscosity of guar gum (4000–5000 cP) are more preferred for export. Guar meal (a by-product of guar gum industries) can also replace edible oil cakes due to its higher crude protein (40–45%). Future strategies for these arid legumes are also discussed.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Guar varieties with distinct maturity periods were developed for rainfall ranges from 300 to 550 mm.
- Taxon
- guar
Cyamopsis tetragonolobae0 - Outcome
- varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.], early maturing (85–90 days) varieties like, ‘RGC-936’, ‘HG-365’ and ‘HG-563’ suited to 300–400 mm rainfall, medium maturing(90–105 days)varieties like,‘RG-1002’, ‘RGC-1003’, ‘RGC-1038’, ‘HG-870’ and ‘HG-884’ suited to 400–450 mm rainfall and long duration (110–120 days) varieties like, ‘H-220’ and ‘RGC-986’ suited to 500–550 mm rainfall have been developed”
Claim · model-written summary
Guar cultivar RGC-1066 is suitable for mechanical harvesting.
- Taxon
- GuarCyamopsis tetragonolobae0
- Material
- ‘RGC-1066’e0
- Outcome
- suitable for mechanical harvestinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Guar cultivar ‘RGC-1066’ is also suitable for mechanical harvesting”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea varieties with differing maturity and plant type have been developed.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatae0 - Outcome
- varieties with improved plant typese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], varieties with improved plant types and early maturity (60–62 days) like, ‘RC-101’, mediummaturitylike, ‘Co (CP-7)’ (67–73 days) and ‘GC-3’ (90–95 days and adapted to whole country) and late maturity (>95 days) like, ‘V-585’, ‘V-240’ and ‘KBC-2’ withdualpurposehave alsobeendeveloped”
Claim · model-written summary
Mothbean varieties with several growth habits and maturity ranges were developed.
- Taxon
- mothbean
Vigna aconitifoliae0 - Outcome
- varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inmothbean[Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal], varieties with erect upright growth(‘FMO-96’maturedin58-60 days),erect growth(‘RMO40’, ‘RMO-225’ and ‘CAZRI-Moth-3’ in 60–63 days), semi-erect growth (‘CAZRI Moth-2’ in 66–68 days) and semi-spreading growth (‘CAZRI Moth-1’ in 72–74 days) suiting to 150–400 mm rainfall have been developed”
Claim · model-written summary
Horsegram varieties with maturity from 85 to 111 days have been released.
- Taxon
- horsegram
Macrotyloma uniflorume0 - Outcome
- promising varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In horsegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verd], promising varieties maturing in 85–90 days (‘AK-21’ and ‘AK-42’), 90–100 days (‘PHG-9’, ‘CRIDA-118R'and‘BJPL-1’)and105-111 days (‘VLG-15’and‘VLG-19’) have also been released”
Claim · model-written summary
Rapid callus induction and regeneration protocols were developed for arid legumes.
Not reportedComparatorValue
Verbatim
e0“protocols for rapid callus induction and regeneration systems have also been developed in arid legumes”
Claim · model-written summary
QTLs for thrips damage resistance were identified in cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Outcome
- QTLs for resistance to thrips damagee0
ThripsOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“QTLs for resistance to thrips damage have been identified in cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Guar–mustard and guar–wheat sequences are widely used in northern India.
- Taxon
- guarCyamopsis tetragonolobae0
- Outcome
- Efficient cropping sequencese0
- Setting
- northern Indiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Efficient cropping sequences like, guar-mustard and guar-wheat are widely followed in northern India”
Claim · model-written summary
Short duration horsegram grown with rice in place of cowpea is beneficial in southern states.
- Taxon
- horsegramMacrotyloma uniflorume0
- Outcome
- beneficiale0
- Setting
- southern statese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In southern states, growing short duration horsegram with rice by replacing cowpea is beneficial”
Claim · model-written summary
Horsegram is successfully cultivated in rice, maize and sorghum sequences in Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.
- Taxon
- horsegramMacrotyloma uniflorume0
- Outcome
- successfully cultivatede0
- Setting
- Orissa and parts of Andhra Pradeshe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Orissa and parts of Andhra Pradesh, horsegram is successfully cultivated in rice/maize/sorghum sequences”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping guar with pearl millet, sorghum, maize or castor has beneficial effects.
- Taxon
- guarCyamopsis tetragonolobae0
- Outcome
- Beneficial effects of intercroppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Beneficial effects of intercropping guar with pearl millet/sorghum/maize/castor have also been observed”
Claim · model-written summary
A 3:1 moth bean and pearl millet intercrop is effective in arid conditions.
- Taxon
- Moth beanVigna aconitifoliae0
- Outcome
- intercropping system is effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moth bean+pearl millet (3:1) intercropping system is effective in arid situations”
Claim · model-written summary
A 6:1 cowpea and castor intercrop had the highest monetary return.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Outcome
- monetary returne0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- other intercropping systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cowpea+castor (6:1) is found to have the highest monetary return over other intercropping systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar ZnSO4 increased guar seed yield by 15–20%.
- Taxon
- guarCyamopsis tetragonolobae0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% at 25 or 45 days of sowing (DAS)e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 15–20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% at 25 or 45 days of sowing (DAS) has been useful with 15–20% higher seed yield in guar, cowpea and moth bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar ZnSO4 increased cowpea seed yield by 15–20%.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% at 25 or 45 days of sowing (DAS)e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 15–20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% at 25 or 45 days of sowing (DAS) has been useful with 15–20% higher seed yield in guar, cowpea and moth bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar ZnSO4 increased moth bean seed yield by 15–20%.
- Taxon
- moth beanVigna aconitifoliae0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% at 25 or 45 days of sowing (DAS)e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 15–20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% at 25 or 45 days of sowing (DAS) has been useful with 15–20% higher seed yield in guar, cowpea and moth bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Basalin provided effective weed control in moth bean and guar.
- Taxon
- moth beanVigna aconitifoliae0
- Treatment
- Basalin @ 1.0 kg a.i./hae0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- effective weedcontrol withleast weedindexe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Basalin @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha in moth bean and guar; and pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha + one hand weeding in cowpea are useful for effective weedcontrol withleast weedindex”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin plus hand weeding provided effective cowpea weed control.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha + one hand weedinge0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- effective weedcontrol withleast weedindexe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha + one hand weeding in cowpea are useful for effective weedcontrol withleast weedindex”
Claim · model-written summary
Pest and disease management strategies have been developed.
Verbatim
e0“Organic, inorganic, biocontrol management and IPM strategies have also been developed against major pests and diseases”
t0“arid legumes”
Claim · model-written summary
Guar varieties above 32% gum content and with higher viscosity are preferred for export.
- Taxon
- guarCyamopsis tetragonolobat0
- Outcome
- preferred for exporte0
- Qualifier
- more than 32.0% gum content and higher viscosity of guar gum (4000–5000 cP)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“varieties having more than 32.0% gum content and higher viscosity of guar gum (4000–5000 cP) are more preferred for export”
t0“Guar gum (galactomannan)”
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