Abstract
Abstract Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) is sensitive to cold stress (<8 °C) at its reproductive phase that results in flower abortion, poor pod set and thus reduced yield. Early maturing genotypes are especially more sensitive. In this crop, the metabolic causes underlying cold injury that are imperative to induce cold tolerance are not known. In the present study, the endogenous levels of putrescine (diamine), spermidine (triamine) and spermine (tetramine) were examined in early maturing chickpea genotype ICCV 96029, subjected to chilling temperatures of field (12–15/4–6 °C; average maximum and minimum temperature respectively), at flowering or early podding stage. These were compared with controls growing in warmer conditions (28/12 °C) of the glasshouse. The polyamine levels increased six to nine times because of stress. Relatively, putrescine (PUT) elevation was the highest but short‐lived and its decrease appeared to match with the onset of flower and pod abscission in stressed plants. Compared with controls, chilling injury, observed as electrolyte leakage (EL), increased by 60 % while cellular respiration declined by 68 % in stressed plants. Exogenous application of 10 m m PUT to stressed plants reduced the EL by 29 % and elevated the cellular respiration by 40 %. PUT application at flowering stage resulted in increase of 30, 31, 23 and 25 % in floral retention, pod set, pod retention and fertile pods respectively. At the early podding stage, PUT treatment increased the seed yield per plant, seed number per 100 pods and individual seed weight by 50, 17 and 19 % respectively. The number of single‐seeded pods per plant increased from 4.4 in stressed plants to 12.2 in PUT‐treated plants while the number of double‐seeded pods reduced from 6.2 to 4.3. The number of infertile pods declined from 8.2 in stressed plants to 3.1 in PUT‐treated plants.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Cold stress increased polyamine levels six to ninefold in chickpea.
- Taxon
- Chickpea
Cicer arietinume1 - Treatment
- cold stresse1
- Outcome
- polyamine levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- six to nine timese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The polyamine levels increased six to nine times because of stress”
e1“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) is sensitive to cold stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine rose the most under cold stress but its elevation was short lived.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Material
- ICCV 96029e1
- Outcome
- putrescine (PUT) elevatione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- short‐livede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“putrescine (PUT) elevation was the highest but short‐lived”
e1“early maturing chickpea genotype ICCV 96029”
Claim · model-written summary
The decline in putrescine appeared to coincide with flower and pod abscission under stress.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume2
- Material
- ICCV 96029e2
- Compound
- putrescine (PUT)e1
- Outcome
- flower and pod abscissione0
- Qualifier
- appeared to matche0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“its decrease appeared to match with the onset of flower and pod abscission in stressed plants”
e1“putrescine (PUT) elevation was the highest”
e2“early maturing chickpea genotype ICCV 96029”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling increased electrolyte leakage by 60% versus controls.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- chilling injurye0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage (EL)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 60 %e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with controls, chilling injury, observed as electrolyte leakage (EL), increased by 60 %”
e1“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling reduced cellular respiration by 68% versus controls.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume2
- Treatment
- chilling injurye1
- Outcome
- cellular respiratione0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 68 %e0
- Comparator
- controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cellular respiration declined by 68 % in stressed plants”
e1“Compared with controls, chilling injury”
e2“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine application reduced electrolyte leakage by 29% in stressed plants.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- Exogenous application of 10 m m PUTe0
- Outcome
- ELe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 29 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of 10 m m PUT to stressed plants reduced the EL by 29 %”
e1“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine application increased cellular respiration by 40% in stressed plants.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- Exogenous application of 10 m m PUTe0
- Outcome
- cellular respiratione0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 40 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of 10 m m PUT to stressed plants reduced the EL by 29 % and elevated the cellular respiration by 40 %”
e1“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine increased floral retention by 30% when applied at flowering.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- PUT application at flowering stagee0
- Outcome
- floral retentione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 30e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PUT application at flowering stage resulted in increase of 30, 31, 23 and 25 % in floral retention, pod set, pod retention and fertile pods respectively”
e1“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine increased pod set by 31% when applied at flowering.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- PUT application at flowering stagee0
- Outcome
- pod sete0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 31e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PUT application at flowering stage resulted in increase of 30, 31, 23 and 25 % in floral retention, pod set, pod retention and fertile pods respectively”
e1“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine increased pod retention by 23% when applied at flowering.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- PUT application at flowering stagee0
- Outcome
- pod retentione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 23e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PUT application at flowering stage resulted in increase of 30, 31, 23 and 25 % in floral retention, pod set, pod retention and fertile pods respectively”
e1“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine increased fertile pods by 25% when applied at flowering.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- PUT application at flowering stagee0
- Outcome
- fertile podse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 25 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PUT application at flowering stage resulted in increase of 30, 31, 23 and 25 % in floral retention, pod set, pod retention and fertile pods respectively”
e1“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine at early podding increased seed yield per plant by 50%.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Organ / stage
- early podding stagee0
- Treatment
- PUT treatmente0
- Outcome
- seed yield per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 50e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the early podding stage, PUT treatment increased the seed yield per plant, seed number per 100 pods and individual seed weight by 50, 17 and 19 % respectively”
e1“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine at early podding increased seed number per 100 pods by 17%.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Organ / stage
- early podding stagee0
- Treatment
- PUT treatmente0
- Outcome
- seed number per 100 podse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the early podding stage, PUT treatment increased the seed yield per plant, seed number per 100 pods and individual seed weight by 50, 17 and 19 % respectively”
e1“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine at early podding increased individual seed weight by 19%.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Organ / stage
- early podding stagee0
- Treatment
- PUT treatmente0
- Outcome
- individual seed weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the early podding stage, PUT treatment increased the seed yield per plant, seed number per 100 pods and individual seed weight by 50, 17 and 19 % respectively”
e1“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine increased single-seeded pods from 4.4 to 12.2 per plant.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- PUT‐treated plantse0
- Outcome
- single‐seeded pods per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.2e0
- Qualifier
- 4.4e0
- Comparator
- stressed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of single‐seeded pods per plant increased from 4.4 in stressed plants to 12.2 in PUT‐treated plants”
e1“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine reduced double-seeded pods from 6.2 to 4.3 per plant.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- PUT‐treated plantse2
- Outcome
- double‐seeded podse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 4.3e0
- Qualifier
- 6.2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of double‐seeded pods reduced from 6.2 to 4.3”
e1“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
e2“to 12.2 in PUT‐treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine reduced infertile pods from 8.2 to 3.1 per plant.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- PUT‐treated plantse0
- Outcome
- infertile podse0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 3.1e0
- Qualifier
- 8.2e0
- Comparator
- stressed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of infertile pods declined from 8.2 in stressed plants to 3.1 in PUT‐treated plants”
e1“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
The same questions in other papers
putrescine · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
cold · molecular: metabolites · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →stage · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
41 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
43 papers more in this group
See all 47 papers →cold · physiology: respiration · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
cold · physiology: oxidative · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
10 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.