Abstract
BACKGROUND: Recently, in order to improve the resistance of flax plants to pathogen infection, transgenic flax that overproduces β-1,3-glucanase was created. β-1,3-glucanase is a PR protein that hydrolyses the β-glucans, which are a major component of the cell wall in many groups of fungi. For this study, we used fourth-generation field-cultivated plants of the Fusarium -resistant transgenic line B14 to evaluate how overexpression of the β-1,3-glucanase gene influences the quantity, quality and composition of flax fibres, which are the main product obtained from flax straw. RESULTS: Overproduction of β-1,3-glucanase did not affect the quantity of the fibre obtained from the flax straw and did not significantly alter the essential mechanical characteristics of the retted fibres. However, changes in the contents of the major components of the cell wall (cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin) were revealed. Overexpression of the β-1,3-glucanase gene resulted in higher cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin contents and a lower lignin content in the fibres. Increases in the uronic acid content in particular fractions (with the exception of the 1 M KOH-soluble fraction of hemicelluloses) and changes in the sugar composition of the cell wall were detected in the fibres of the transgenic flax when compared to the contents for the control plants. The callose content was lower in the fibres of the transgenic flax. Additionally, the analysis of phenolic compound contents in five fractions of the cell wall revealed important changes, which were reflected in the antioxidant potential of these fractions. CONCLUSION: Overexpression of the β-1,3-glucanase gene has a significant influence on the biochemical composition of flax fibres. The constitutive overproduction of β-1,3-glucanase causes a decrease in the callose content, and the resulting excess glucose serves as a substrate for the production of other polysaccharides. The monosaccharide excess redirects the phenolic compounds to bind with polysaccharides instead of to partake in lignin synthesis. The mechanical properties of the transgenic fibres are strengthened by their improved biochemical composition, and the increased antioxidant potential of the fibres supports the potential use of transgenic flax fibres for biomedical applications.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
β-1,3-glucanase overproduction did not affect fibre quantity.
- Taxon
- flax
Linum usitatissimumt0 - Treatment
- Overproduction of β-1,3-glucanasee0
- Outcome
- quantity of the fibree0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overproduction of β-1,3-glucanase did not affect the quantity of the fibre obtained from the flax straw”
t0“flax”
Claim · model-written summary
Overproduction did not significantly alter mechanical characteristics of retted fibres.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- overproducing β-1,3-glucanaset0
- Outcome
- essential mechanical characteristics of the retted fibrese0
- Direction
- did not significantly altere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“did not significantly alter the essential mechanical characteristics of the retted fibres”
t0“flax overproducing β-1,3-glucanase”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpression raised fibre cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin contents.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- Overexpression of the β-1,3-glucanase genee0
- Outcome
- cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin contentse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overexpression of the β-1,3-glucanase gene resulted in higher cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin contents and a lower lignin content in the fibres.”
t0“flax”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpression lowered fibre lignin content.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- Overexpression of the β-1,3-glucanase genee0
- Outcome
- lignin contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overexpression of the β-1,3-glucanase gene resulted in higher cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin contents and a lower lignin content in the fibres.”
t0“flax”
Claim · model-written summary
Transgenic fibres had increased uronic acid in most fractions relative to controls.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimume0
- Treatment
- transgenic flaxe0
- Outcome
- uronic acid contente0
- Direction
- Increasese0
- Qualifier
- with the exception of the 1 M KOH-soluble fraction of hemicellulosese0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increases in the uronic acid content in particular fractions (with the exception of the 1 M KOH-soluble fraction of hemicelluloses) and changes in the sugar composition of the cell wall were detected in the fibres of the transgenic flax when compared to the contents for the control plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Transgenic fibres differed in cell wall sugar composition from controls.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimume0
- Treatment
- transgenic flaxe0
- Outcome
- sugar composition of the cell walle0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“changes in the sugar composition of the cell wall were detected in the fibres of the transgenic flax when compared to the contents for the control plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Transgenic flax fibres had lower callose content.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimume0
- Treatment
- transgenic flaxe0
- Outcome
- callose contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The callose content was lower in the fibres of the transgenic flax.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell wall phenolic contents changed across five fractions.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Outcome
- phenolic compound contentse0
- Qualifier
- five fractions of the cell walle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the analysis of phenolic compound contents in five fractions of the cell wall revealed important changes”
t0“flax”
Claim · model-written summary
Changes in cell wall phenolics were reflected in antioxidant potential.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Outcome
- antioxidant potentiale0
Not reportedCompoundDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which were reflected in the antioxidant potential of these fractions.”
t0“flax”
Claim · model-written summary
Overproduction decreases callose, leaving excess glucose as substrate for other polysaccharides.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Gene
- β-1,3-glucanasee0
- Compound
- glucosee0
- Outcome
- production of other polysaccharidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The constitutive overproduction of β-1,3-glucanase causes a decrease in the callose content, and the resulting excess glucose serves as a substrate for the production of other polysaccharides.”
t0“flax”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess monosaccharide redirects phenolics toward polysaccharides instead of lignin synthesis.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Outcome
- phenolic compounds to bind with polysaccharidese0
- Qualifier
- monosaccharide excesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The monosaccharide excess redirects the phenolic compounds to bind with polysaccharides instead of to partake in lignin synthesis.”
t0“flax”
Claim · model-written summary
Improved biochemical composition is asserted to strengthen transgenic fibre mechanical properties.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Outcome
- mechanical properties of the transgenic fibrese0
- Qualifier
- improved biochemical compositione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mechanical properties of the transgenic fibres are strengthened by their improved biochemical composition”
t0“flax”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest transgenic flax fibres could serve biomedical applications based on increased antioxidant potential.
- Taxon
- flaxLinum usitatissimume0
- Outcome
- potential use of transgenic flax fibres for biomedical applicationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the increased antioxidant potential of the fibres supports the potential use of transgenic flax fibres for biomedical applications.”