Abstract
Vacuolar saps were extracted from individual, anatomically uniform cells of the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) epidermis of the third leaf of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using a modified pressure probe. Saps (volume 80-200 pL) were sampled at various times between 3 d before and 7 d after full-leaf expansion and were analyzed for their osmolality and their concentrations of NO3-, malate, CI-, K+, and Ca2+. The osmolalities of upper and lower epidermis both increased with time but were similar to each other. In young leaves, K+ and Ca2+ were evenly distributed between the two epidermal layers, but as the leaf aged, the upper epidermis accumulated high (40-100 mM) Ca2+, whereas cells of the lower epidermis accumulated K+ instead. Nitrate concentration was 100 to 150 mM higher in the upper than in the lower epidermis, whereas CI- was 50 to 120 mM higher in the lower epidermis. These differences did not depend on the leaf developmental stage. The uneven distribution of epidermal NO3- and CI- was maintainedover a wide range of epidermal sap concentrations of these ions and was not affected by NO3- or CI- starvation or by an increase in the light intensity from 120 to 400 [mu]mol m-2 s-1. However, the latter did cause a decrease in epidermal NO3- and the appearance and accumulation of epidermal malate, particularly in the upper epidermis. The physiological implications of the results for solute storage in leaves and for the pathways of ion distribution to the epidermis are discussed.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Osmolality rose with time in both epidermal layers and was similar between them.
- Taxon
- barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree1 - Organ / stage
- upper and lower epidermise0
- Outcome
- osmolalitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The osmolalities of upper and lower epidermis both increased with time but were similar to each other.”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Young leaves had evenly distributed K+ and Ca2+ across epidermal layers.
- Taxon
- barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree1
- Organ / stage
- young leavese0
- Outcome
- K+ and Ca2+ were evenly distributede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In young leaves, K+ and Ca2+ were evenly distributed between the two epidermal layers”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aging upper epidermis accumulated high Ca2+.
- Taxon
- barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree1
- Organ / stage
- upper epidermise0
- Outcome
- Ca2+e0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
- Value
- 40-100 mMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as the leaf aged, the upper epidermis accumulated high (40-100 mM) Ca2+”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aging lower epidermis accumulated K+.
- Taxon
- barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree1
- Organ / stage
- lower epidermise0
- Outcome
- K+e0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cells of the lower epidermis accumulated K+ instead”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Upper epidermis had 100 to 150 mM more nitrate than lower epidermis.
- Taxon
- barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree1
- Organ / stage
- uppere0
- Outcome
- Nitrate concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 100 to 150 mMe0
- Comparator
- lower epidermise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate concentration was 100 to 150 mM higher in the upper than in the lower epidermis”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower epidermis had 50 to 120 mM more chloride than upper epidermis.
- Taxon
- barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree1
- Organ / stage
- lower epidermise0
- Outcome
- CI-e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 50 to 120 mMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CI- was 50 to 120 mM higher in the lower epidermis”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate and chloride distribution differences did not depend on developmental stage.
- Taxon
- barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree2
- Organ / stage
- leaf developmental stagee0
- Outcome
- Nitrate concentratione1
- Direction
- did not depende0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These differences did not depend on the leaf developmental stage.”
e1“Nitrate concentration was 100 to 150 mM higher in the upper than in the lower epidermis, whereas CI- was 50 to 120 mM higher in the lower epidermis.”
e2“barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ion starvation did not alter uneven epidermal nitrate and chloride distribution.
- Taxon
- barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- NO3- or CI- starvatione0
- Outcome
- uneven distribution of epidermal NO3- and CI-e0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The uneven distribution of epidermal NO3- and CI- was maintainedover a wide range of epidermal sap concentrations of these ions and was not affected by NO3- or CI- starvation”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher light intensity did not alter uneven nitrate and chloride distribution.
- Taxon
- barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree2
- Treatment
- an increase in the light intensity from 120 to 400 [mu]mol m-2 s-1e0
- Outcome
- uneven distribution of epidermal NO3- and CI-e1
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was not affected by NO3- or CI- starvation or by an increase in the light intensity from 120 to 400 [mu]mol m-2 s-1”
e1“The uneven distribution of epidermal NO3- and CI-”
e2“barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher light intensity decreased epidermal nitrate.
- Taxon
- barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree2
- Treatment
- an increase in the light intensity from 120 to 400 [mu]mol m-2 s-1e1
- Outcome
- epidermal NO3-e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the latter did cause a decrease in epidermal NO3-”
e1“an increase in the light intensity from 120 to 400 [mu]mol m-2 s-1”
e2“barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher light intensity caused appearance and accumulation of epidermal malate, especially in upper epidermis.
- Taxon
- barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree2
- Organ / stage
- upper epidermise0
- Treatment
- an increase in the light intensity from 120 to 400 [mu]mol m-2 s-1e1
- Outcome
- epidermal malatee0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the appearance and accumulation of epidermal malate, particularly in the upper epidermis”
e1“an increase in the light intensity from 120 to 400 [mu]mol m-2 s-1”
e2“barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
The same questions in other papers
light · physiology: gas exchange · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.