Abstract
Effects of elevated CO(2), clone and plant nutrition on bud dormancy of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) were examined. Sitka spruce seedlings were fumigated with ambient or elevated (ambient + 350 micro mol mol(-1)) concentrations of CO(2) in open-top chambers for three growing seasons. In 1991 and 1992, elevated CO(2) delayed bud burst in the spring and advanced bud set in the autumn. The effect of the open-top chamber on the thermal requirement for bud burst was greater than the effect of elevated CO(2) (50 and 30 day degrees (D(d)), respectively). In a second study, four clones of Sitka spruce taken from two provenances, at 43 and 54 degrees N, were fumigated with ambient or elevated CO(2). There was a large natural variation in the timing of bud burst and bud set among the clones. Elevated CO(2) had no effect on bud dormancy of the Skidegate a clone, but it reduced the growing season of the North Bend b clone by 20 days. In a third study, Sitka spruce seedlings growing in ambient or elevated CO(2), were supplied with one of three nutrient regimes, low (0.1 x potential), medium (0.5 x potential) or high (2.0 x potential), using a method and solution based on the Ingestad technique. Elevated CO(2) did not affect bud dormancy in the high-nutrient treatment, but it reduced the growing season of plants in the low-nutrient treatment by 22 days. Increasing plant nutrient supply lengthened the growing season, plants flushed earlier in the spring and set bud later in the autumn. The effects of elevated CO(2) plus a 0, 2 or 4 degrees C climatic warming on the timing of bud burst and the subsequent risk of frost damage were assessed using a simulation model and meteorological data from three sites, Edinburgh, Braemar and Masset. The model predicted that (i) doubling the CO(2) concentration in the absence of climatic warming, will delay the onset of bud burst at all three sites, (ii) climatic warming in ambient CO(2) will hasten bud burst and (iii) climatic warming in elevated CO(2) will hasten bud burst at Edinburgh and Braemar but to a lesser extent than climatic warming alone. At Masset, a 4 degrees C warming was required to advance the date of bud burst of seedlings in the elevated CO(2) treatment. At all three sites, elevated CO(2) and climatic warming increased the mean daily temperature on the date of bud burst, thus reducing the risk of subsequent frost damage.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide delayed spring bud burst in 1991 and 1992.
- Taxon
- Sitka spruce
.jpg?width=60)
Picea sitchensise1 - Treatment
- elevated CO(2)e0
- Outcome
- bud burste0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Qualifier
- 1991 and 1992e0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
- Setting
- open-top chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In 1991 and 1992, elevated CO(2) delayed bud burst in the spring and advanced bud set in the autumn.”
e1“Sitka spruce seedlings were fumigated with ambient or elevated (ambient + 350 micro mol mol(-1)) concentrations of CO(2) in open-top chambers for three growing seasons.”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide advanced autumn bud set in 1991 and 1992.
- Taxon
- Sitka sprucePicea sitchensise1
- Treatment
- elevated CO(2)e0
- Outcome
- bud sete0
- Direction
- advancede0
- Qualifier
- 1991 and 1992e0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
- Setting
- open-top chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1991 and 1992, elevated CO(2) delayed bud burst in the spring and advanced bud set in the autumn.”
e1“Sitka spruce seedlings were fumigated with ambient or elevated (ambient + 350 micro mol mol(-1)) concentrations of CO(2) in open-top chambers for three growing seasons.”
Claim · model-written summary
Open-top chambers had a greater effect on thermal bud-burst requirements than elevated carbon dioxide, at 50 versus 30 day degrees.
- Taxon
- Sitka sprucePicea sitchensist0
- Treatment
- open-top chambere0
- Outcome
- thermal requirement for bud burste0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 50 and 30 day degrees (D(d))e0
- Comparator
- elevated CO(2)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of the open-top chamber on the thermal requirement for bud burst was greater than the effect of elevated CO(2) (50 and 30 day degrees (D(d)), respectively).”
t0“Sitka spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Bud burst and bud set timing varied widely among Sitka spruce clones.
- Taxon
- Sitka sprucePicea sitchensist0
- Outcome
- timing of bud burst and bud sete0
- Qualifier
- large natural variatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a large natural variation in the timing of bud burst and bud set among the clones.”
t0“Sitka spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide had no effect on Skidegate a bud dormancy.
- Taxon
- Sitka sprucePicea sitchensist0
- Material
- Skidegate ae0
- Treatment
- Elevated CO(2)e0
- Outcome
- bud dormancye0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated CO(2) had no effect on bud dormancy of the Skidegate a clone”
e1“were fumigated with ambient or elevated CO(2)”
t0“Sitka spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide shortened the North Bend b growing season by 20 days.
- Taxon
- Sitka sprucePicea sitchensist0
- Material
- North Bend be0
- Treatment
- Elevated CO(2)e0
- Outcome
- growing seasone0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20 dayse0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated CO(2) had no effect on bud dormancy of the Skidegate a clone, but it reduced the growing season of the North Bend b clone by 20 days.”
e1“were fumigated with ambient or elevated CO(2)”
t0“Sitka spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide did not affect bud dormancy at high nutrient supply.
- Taxon
- Sitka sprucePicea sitchensise1
- Treatment
- Elevated CO(2)e0
- Outcome
- bud dormancye0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
- Qualifier
- high-nutrient treatmente0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated CO(2) did not affect bud dormancy in the high-nutrient treatment”
e1“Sitka spruce seedlings growing in ambient or elevated CO(2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide shortened the low-nutrient growing season by 22 days.
- Taxon
- Sitka sprucePicea sitchensise1
- Treatment
- Elevated CO(2)e0
- Outcome
- growing seasone0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 22 dayse0
- Qualifier
- low-nutrient treatmente0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated CO(2) did not affect bud dormancy in the high-nutrient treatment, but it reduced the growing season of plants in the low-nutrient treatment by 22 days.”
e1“Sitka spruce seedlings growing in ambient or elevated CO(2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nutrient supply lengthened the growing season.
- Taxon
- Sitka sprucePicea sitchensist0
- Treatment
- Increasing plant nutrient supplye0
- Outcome
- growing seasone0
- Direction
- lengthenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing plant nutrient supply lengthened the growing season, plants flushed earlier in the spring and set bud later in the autumn.”
t0“Sitka spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nutrient supply advanced spring flushing.
- Taxon
- Sitka sprucePicea sitchensist0
- Treatment
- Increasing plant nutrient supplye0
- Outcome
- flushede0
- Direction
- earliere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing plant nutrient supply lengthened the growing season, plants flushed earlier in the spring and set bud later in the autumn.”
t0“Sitka spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nutrient supply delayed autumn bud set.
- Taxon
- Sitka sprucePicea sitchensist0
- Treatment
- Increasing plant nutrient supplye0
- Outcome
- set bude0
- Direction
- latere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing plant nutrient supply lengthened the growing season, plants flushed earlier in the spring and set bud later in the autumn.”
t0“Sitka spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
The model predicted delayed bud burst with doubled carbon dioxide without warming at all three sites.
- Taxon
- Sitka sprucePicea sitchensist0
- Treatment
- doubling the CO(2) concentratione0
- Outcome
- onset of bud burste0
- Direction
- delaye0
- Qualifier
- absence of climatic warminge0
- Setting
- Edinburgh, Braemar and Massete1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“doubling the CO(2) concentration in the absence of climatic warming, will delay the onset of bud burst at all three sites”
e1“three sites, Edinburgh, Braemar and Masset”
t0“Sitka spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
The model predicted faster bud burst under warming in ambient carbon dioxide.
- Taxon
- Sitka sprucePicea sitchensist0
- Treatment
- climatic warminge0
- Outcome
- bud burste0
- Direction
- hastene0
- Qualifier
- ambient CO(2)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“climatic warming in ambient CO(2) will hasten bud burst”
t0“Sitka spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming under elevated carbon dioxide hastened bud burst at Edinburgh and Braemar less than warming alone.
- Taxon
- Sitka sprucePicea sitchensist0
- Treatment
- climatic warming in elevated CO(2)e0
- Outcome
- bud burste0
- Direction
- hastene0
- Qualifier
- to a lesser extente0
- Comparator
- climatic warming alonee0
- Setting
- Edinburgh and Braemare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“climatic warming in elevated CO(2) will hasten bud burst at Edinburgh and Braemar but to a lesser extent than climatic warming alone.”
t0“Sitka spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
At Masset, advancing bud burst under elevated carbon dioxide required 4 degrees C warming.
- Taxon
- Sitka sprucePicea sitchensist0
- Treatment
- 4 degrees C warminge0
- Outcome
- date of bud burste0
- Direction
- advancee0
- Qualifier
- elevated CO(2) treatmente0
- Setting
- Massete0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At Masset, a 4 degrees C warming was required to advance the date of bud burst of seedlings in the elevated CO(2) treatment.”
t0“Sitka spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide and warming increased mean daily temperature at bud burst at all three sites.
- Taxon
- Sitka sprucePicea sitchensist0
- Treatment
- elevated CO(2) and climatic warminge0
- Outcome
- mean daily temperature on the date of bud burste0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- Edinburgh, Braemar and Massete1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At all three sites, elevated CO(2) and climatic warming increased the mean daily temperature on the date of bud burst, thus reducing the risk of subsequent frost damage.”
e1“three sites, Edinburgh, Braemar and Masset”
t0“Sitka spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide and warming reduced modeled subsequent frost-damage risk at all three sites.
- Taxon
- Sitka sprucePicea sitchensist0
- Treatment
- elevated CO(2) and climatic warminge0
- Outcome
- risk of subsequent frost damagee0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Setting
- Edinburgh, Braemar and Massete1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At all three sites, elevated CO(2) and climatic warming increased the mean daily temperature on the date of bud burst, thus reducing the risk of subsequent frost damage.”
e1“three sites, Edinburgh, Braemar and Masset”
t0“Sitka spruce”
The same questions in other papers
co2 · growth · Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce)Results differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.