Abstract
The paper reviews physiological factors that affect rooting of cocoa stem cuttings, including clonal differences, leaf area, physiological age, anatomical features, nutritional and biochemical factors which exert the strongest influence. Upper Amazon and Trinitario clones root better than Amelonado clones, the causes of the differences being mainly nutritional. Rooting does not normally occur in cuttings without leaves, because they are deprived of their photosynthetic function. Rooting decreases in general with increasing age of the tree. Cuttings from trees in healthy and luxuriant vegetative growth are, therefore, preferable. No major differences are observed in rooting between orthotropic and plagiotropic cuttings of cocoa. Information on the anatomical condition of cuttings in rooting performance is limited. However, a clear relationship is noted between the position of cutting on the stock plant and rooting performance; rooting potential increases from the apex to the base of the shoot. Single-node cuttings take longer time to root than multinode cuttings. The physiological condition of cacao cuttings changes with changing seasons, and this in turn affects their rooting performance. Cacao shoot is in optimal condition for rooting immediately after the flush has matured. The interaction of two or more physiological factors determines the degree of success in rooting .Cet article fait une révision de facteurs physiologiques qui influencent la prise de racines des boutures de tige de cacao. Parmi les facteurs physiologiques influençant la propagation de cacao par les boutures de cacao, les différences du clonage, la surface foliaire, l'âge physiologique, les traits anatomiques, les facteurs nutritionnels et biochimiques exercent la plus forte influence. Les clones d'Upper Amazon et de Trinitario prennent les racines mieux que les clones d'Amelonado, les causes des différances étant nutritionnelles. Généralement la prise de racine ne se produit pas dans les boutures de tige privées de leur feuilles, les fonctions de la feuille pendant la prise de racines étant photosynthétiques implicites. La facilité de la prise de racine des boutures de cacao deminue en générale avec l'augmentation de l'âge de l'arbre. Les boutures des arbres en croissance végétative de bonne santé et luxuraint sont donc préférables. Il semble qu'il n'y a pas de différences majeures dans la prise de racines entre les boutures de cacao d'orthotropie et de plagiotropie. L'information sur la condition anatomique des boutures de cacao par rapport au résultat de la prise de racines est limitée dans la litérature. Toutefois il y a un rapport certain entre la position de la coupe sur le tronc de plante et le résultat de la prise de racine; avec le potentiel de la prise de racine augmentant du sommet au pied du tronc. Les boutures d'un seul nœud prennent de plus longue temps pour prendre les racines que les boutures de multinœud. La condition physiologique de boutures de cacao change avec le changement des saisons et ceci influence également leur résultat de la prise de racines. La pousse de cacao est en condition optimale pour la prise de racines sotôt après l'affleurement est mûr. L'interaction de deux ou plus des différents facteurs physiologiques détermine le degré de succès réalisé dans la prise de racine de boutures de cacao sous les différentes conditions de propagation. Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 39 (2) 2006: pp. 209-216
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Upper Amazon clones rooted better than Amelonado clones.
- Taxon
- cacao
Theobroma cacaot0 - Material
- Upper Amazone0
- Outcome
- roote0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- Amelonado clonese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upper Amazon and Trinitario clones root better than Amelonado clones, the causes of the differences being mainly nutritional.”
t0“of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Trinitario clones rooted better than Amelonado clones.
- Taxon
- cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Material
- Trinitarioe0
- Outcome
- roote0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- Amelonado clonese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upper Amazon and Trinitario clones root better than Amelonado clones, the causes of the differences being mainly nutritional.”
t0“of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutritional differences were proposed as the main reason for clonal rooting differences.
- Taxon
- cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Outcome
- differencese0
- Qualifier
- mainly nutritionale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the causes of the differences being mainly nutritional.”
t0“of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Leafless cuttings normally failed to root.
- Taxon
- cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Organ / stage
- cuttings without leavese0
- Outcome
- Rooting does not normally occure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rooting does not normally occur in cuttings without leaves, because they are deprived of their photosynthetic function.”
t0“of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of photosynthetic function was given as the explanation for failure of leafless cuttings to root.
- Taxon
- cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Outcome
- deprived of their photosynthetic functione0
- Qualifier
- photosynthetic functione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“because they are deprived of their photosynthetic function.”
t0“of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rooting generally decreased with tree age.
- Taxon
- cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Organ / stage
- treee0
- Outcome
- Rootinge0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Qualifier
- increasing age of the treee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rooting decreases in general with increasing age of the tree.”
t0“of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cuttings from healthy, luxuriantly growing trees were preferred.
- Taxon
- cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Outcome
- Cuttings from trees in healthy and luxuriant vegetative growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cuttings from trees in healthy and luxuriant vegetative growth are, therefore, preferable.”
t0“of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Orthotropic and plagiotropic cocoa cuttings showed no major rooting difference.
- Taxon
- cocoaTheobroma cacaoe0
- Outcome
- rootinge0
- Direction
- No major differencese0
- Comparator
- plagiotropic cuttingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No major differences are observed in rooting between orthotropic and plagiotropic cuttings of cocoa.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rooting potential increased from the shoot apex to its base.
- Taxon
- cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Outcome
- rooting potentiale0
- Direction
- increasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rooting potential increases from the apex to the base of the shoot.”
t0“of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Single-node cuttings took longer to root than multinode cuttings.
- Taxon
- cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Material
- Single-node cuttingse0
- Outcome
- time to roote0
- Direction
- longere0
- Comparator
- multinode cuttingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Single-node cuttings take longer time to root than multinode cuttings.”
t0“of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seasonal change in the physiological condition of cuttings affected rooting performance.
- Taxon
- cacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Organ / stage
- cuttingse0
- Outcome
- rooting performancee0
- Qualifier
- changing seasonse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The physiological condition of cacao cuttings changes with changing seasons, and this in turn affects their rooting performance.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cacao shoots were optimal for rooting immediately after a flush matured.
- Taxon
- CacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Outcome
- optimal condition for rootinge0
- Direction
- optimale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cacao shoot is in optimal condition for rooting immediately after the flush has matured.”
Claim · model-written summary
Interactions among physiological factors determined rooting success.
- Taxon
- cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
- Outcome
- degree of success in rootinge0
- Qualifier
- interaction of two or more physiological factorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction of two or more physiological factors determines the degree of success in rooting”
t0“of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)”