Abstract
Improved salt tolerance of mycorrhizal plants is commonly attributed to their better mineral nutrition, particularly phosphorus. However, the effect of arbuscular‐mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on salt tolerance may not be limited to this mechanism. We investigated the possibility that non‐nutritional effects of AM fungi, based on proline accumulation or increased photosynthesis and related parameters, can influence the tolerance of lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) to salinity. Three levels of salt (3, 4 and 5 g NaCl kg ‐1 dry soil) were applied and plants were maintained under these conditions for 7 weeks. The salt‐treated AM plants produced greater root and shoot dry weights than unfertilized or P‐fertilized non‐AM controls. With increasing salinity, both shoot and root dry weights were reduced, but this decrease was greater in uninoculated plants. In particular, shoot dry weight was not reduced in G. fasciculatum ‐colonized plants as a consequence of salt, whereas in uninoculated plants it was reduced by about 35% at the highest salt level. Proline accumulation was considerably lower for P‐amended non‐AM and for AM plants except for G. mosseae ‐colonized plants than was the case for unamended plants. Transpiration, carbon dioxide exchange rate (CER), stomatal conductance and water use efficiency (WUE) were higher in mycorrhizal plants. At 5 g NaCl kg ‐1 , both photosynthesis and WUE increased by more than 100% in mycorrhizal treatment relative to uninoculated plants. The contents of phosphorus of P‐fertilized non‐AM plants was similar to or higher than those of G. mosseae ‐ and G. fasciculatum ‐colonized plants. Plants colonized by G. deserticola had the highest P‐content regardless of salt level. Hence, the effect of G. mosseae and G. fasciculatum on salt tolerance in this experiment could not be attributed to a difference in the P content. The mechanisms by which these two fungi alleviated salt stress appeared to be based on physiological processes (increased CER, transpiration, stomatal conductance and WUE) rather than on nutrient uptake (N or P).
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt, AM plants produced greater root and shoot dry weights than non-AM controls
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- salt‐treated AM plantse1
- Interactor
- arbuscular‐mycorrhizal (AM) fungie2symbiont
- Outcome
- root and shoot dry weightse1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- unfertilized or P‐fertilized non‐AM controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lactuca sativa plants”
e1“The salt‐treated AM plants produced greater root and shoot dry weights than unfertilized or P‐fertilized non‐AM controls”
e2“arbuscular‐mycorrhizal (AM) fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity reduced shoot and root dry weights of lettuce
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- increasing salinitye3
- Outcome
- shoot and root dry weightse3
- Direction
- reducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lactuca sativa plants”
e3“With increasing salinity, both shoot and root dry weights were reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
The salt-induced decrease in dry weight was greater in uninoculated plants
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- decreasee4
- Direction
- greatere4
- Comparator
- uninoculated plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lactuca sativa plants”
e4“but this decrease was greater in uninoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt, shoot dry weight was not reduced in G. fasciculatum-colonized plants
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- salte5
- Interactor
- G. fasciculatumRhizophagus fasciculatuse5symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte5
- Direction
- not reducede5
- Comparator
- uninoculated plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lactuca sativa plants”
e5“In particular, shoot dry weight was not reduced in G. fasciculatum‐colonized plants as a consequence of salt, whereas in uninoculated plants it was reduced by about 35% at the highest salt level”
Claim · model-written summary
At the highest salt level, shoot dry weight of uninoculated plants was reduced by about 35%
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- highest salt levele5
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- about 35%e5
- Qualifier
- in uninoculated plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lactuca sativa plants”
e5“In particular, shoot dry weight was not reduced in G. fasciculatum‐colonized plants as a consequence of salt, whereas in uninoculated plants it was reduced by about 35% at the highest salt level”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline accumulation was considerably lower in P-amended plants than in unamended plants, except G. mosseae-colonized plants
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- P‐amendede6
- Interactor
- G. mosseae
Funneliformis mosseaee6symbiont - Outcome
- Proline accumulatione6
- Direction
- considerably lowere6
- Qualifier
- except for G. mosseae‐colonized plantse6
- Comparator
- unamended plantse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lactuca sativa plants”
e6“Proline accumulation was considerably lower for P‐amended non‐AM and for AM plants except for G. mosseae‐colonized plants than was the case for unamended plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Transpiration, CER and stomatal conductance were higher in mycorrhizal lettuce plants
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizale7
- Outcome
- Transpiration, carbon dioxide exchange rate (CER), stomatal conductancee7
- Direction
- highere7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lactuca sativa plants”
e7“Transpiration, carbon dioxide exchange rate (CER), stomatal conductance and water use efficiency (WUE) were higher in mycorrhizal plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Water use efficiency was higher in mycorrhizal lettuce plants
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizale7
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (WUE)e7
- Direction
- highere7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lactuca sativa plants”
e7“Transpiration, carbon dioxide exchange rate (CER), stomatal conductance and water use efficiency (WUE) were higher in mycorrhizal plants”
Claim · model-written summary
At 5 g NaCl kg-1, mycorrhizal treatment increased photosynthesis and WUE by more than 100% relative to uninoculated plants
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal treatmente0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis and WUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- more than 100%e0
- Qualifier
- At 5 g NaCl kg ‐1e0
- Comparator
- uninoculated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lactuca sativa plants”
e0“At 5 g NaCl kg ‐1, both photosynthesis and WUE increased by more than 100% in mycorrhizal treatment relative to uninoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus content of P-fertilized non-AM lettuce was similar to or higher than in G. mosseae- and G. fasciculatum-colonized plants
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- P‐fertilizede0
- Interactor
- G. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee0symbiont
- Second interactor
- G. fasciculatumRhizophagus fasciculatuse0symbiont
- Outcome
- contents of phosphoruse0
- Direction
- similar to or higher thane0
- Comparator
- G. mosseae‐ and G. fasciculatum‐colonized plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lactuca sativa plants”
e0“The contents of phosphorus of P‐fertilized non‐AM plants was similar to or higher than those of G. mosseae‐ and G. fasciculatum‐colonized plants”
Claim · model-written summary
G. deserticola colonization gave the highest P content regardless of salt level
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Interactor
- G. deserticolaSeptoglomus deserticolae0symbiont
- Outcome
- P‐contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- regardless of salt levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lactuca sativa plants”
e0“Plants colonized by G. deserticola had the highest P‐content regardless of salt level”
Claim · model-written summary
The effect of G. mosseae and G. fasciculatum on salt tolerance could not be attributed to a difference in P content
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Interactor
- G. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee0symbiont
- Second interactor
- G. fasciculatumRhizophagus fasciculatuse0symbiont
- Outcome
- salt tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- could not be attributed to a difference in the P contente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lactuca sativa plants”
e0“the effect of G. mosseae and G. fasciculatum on salt tolerance in this experiment could not be attributed to a difference in the P content”
Claim · model-written summary
The two fungi alleviated salt stress in lettuce mainly through physiological processes rather than nutrient uptake
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativaLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- alleviated salt stresse0
- Qualifier
- physiological processes (increased CER, transpiration, stomatal conductance and WUE) rather than on nutrient uptake (N or P)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lactuca sativa plants”
e0“The mechanisms by which these two fungi alleviated salt stress appeared to be based on physiological processes (increased CER, transpiration, stomatal conductance and WUE) rather than on nutrient uptake (N or P)”
The same questions in other papers
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23 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
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See all 27 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.