Abstract
Canola, Indian mustard, and wheat were grown at Ariah Park and Cowra (canola only) in the cropping belt of New South Wales, Australia, to determine the effects of sowing time (canola and wheat) and nitrogen (N) fertiliser on N concentrations and N accumulation in shoots, N fertiliser use-efficiency, and N removal in grain of the crops. Concentrations of N in shoots of all crops decreased during the season, irrespective of sowing time or N fertiliser rate. Late sowing decreased N accumulation by 55% and 40% for canola and wheat, respectively, at Ariah Park, and by 50% for canola at Cowra, but increased canola and wheat grain N (protein) concentrations more than the applied N. All crops accumulated most of their N before anthesis, and there was little N accumulation after the end of flowering; however, sowing canola late increased the proportion of N accumulated during flowering. Indices of N fertiliser use efficiency were reduced by sowing late, but N use efficiencies of the oilseeds at each sowing time were similar to values for wheat after accounting for differences in the biosynthetic costs of grain and straw production. Removal of N in canola grain from an April sowing was 35% greater than N removal by wheat grain sown at the same time, but was similar for both crops from late May and July sowings. Consequently, more N fertiliser should be applied to canola than wheat to obtain high grain yields when both crops are sown early in the season. It was concluded that sowing early was essential to achieve high N use efficiency, reduce potential losses of N, and maximise economic returns from N fertiliser.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot nitrogen concentrations declined over the season in all three crops.
- Taxon
- Canola, Indian mustard, and wheat
Brassica juncea
Triticum aestivum.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napus var. napuse1 - Outcome
- Concentrations of N in shootse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of N in shoots of all crops decreased during the season, irrespective of sowing time or N fertiliser rate”
e1“Canola, Indian mustard, and wheat were grown”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing reduced canola N accumulation by 55% at Ariah Park.
- Taxon
- canolaBrassica napus var. napuse0
- Treatment
- Late sowinge0
- Outcome
- N accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 55%e0
- Setting
- Ariah Parke0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Late sowing decreased N accumulation by 55% and 40% for canola and wheat, respectively, at Ariah Park”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing reduced wheat N accumulation by 40% at Ariah Park.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Late sowinge0
- Outcome
- N accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Setting
- Ariah Parke0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Late sowing decreased N accumulation by 55% and 40% for canola and wheat, respectively, at Ariah Park”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing reduced canola N accumulation by 50% at Cowra.
- Taxon
- canolaBrassica napus var. napuse0
- Treatment
- Late sowinge1
- Outcome
- N accumulatione1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 50%e0
- Setting
- Cowrae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by 50% for canola at Cowra”
e1“Late sowing decreased N accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing increased canola and wheat grain nitrogen concentration more than applied nitrogen did.
- Taxon
- canola and wheatTriticum aestivumBrassica napus var. napuse0
- Treatment
- Late sowinge1
- Outcome
- grain N (protein) concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the applied Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased canola and wheat grain N (protein) concentrations more than the applied N”
e1“Late sowing decreased N accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
All crops accumulated most nitrogen before anthesis, with little after flowering.
- Taxon
- Canola, Indian mustard, and wheatBrassica junceaTriticum aestivumBrassica napus var. napuse1
- Organ / stage
- anthesise0
- Outcome
- most of their N before anthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All crops accumulated most of their N before anthesis, and there was little N accumulation after the end of flowering”
e1“Canola, Indian mustard, and wheat were grown”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing increased the fraction of canola N accumulated during flowering.
- Taxon
- canolaBrassica napus var. napuse0
- Treatment
- sowing canola latee0
- Outcome
- proportion of N accumulated during floweringe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sowing canola late increased the proportion of N accumulated during flowering”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing reduced indices of nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency.
- Taxon
- Canola, Indian mustard, and wheatBrassica junceaTriticum aestivumBrassica napus var. napuse1
- Treatment
- sowing latee0
- Outcome
- Indices of N fertiliser use efficiencye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Indices of N fertiliser use efficiency were reduced by sowing late”
e1“Canola, Indian mustard, and wheat were grown”
Claim · model-written summary
Oilseed N use efficiencies were similar to wheat after accounting for biosynthetic costs.
Verbatim
e0“N use efficiencies of the oilseeds at each sowing time were similar to values for wheat after accounting for differences in the biosynthetic costs of grain and straw production”
Claim · model-written summary
April-sown canola grain removed 35% more nitrogen than same-time wheat grain.
- Taxon
- canolaBrassica napus var. napuse0
- Outcome
- Removal of N in canola graine0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 35%e0
- Comparator
- wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Removal of N in canola grain from an April sowing was 35% greater than N removal by wheat grain sown at the same time”
Claim · model-written summary
Late May and July sowings gave similar grain nitrogen removal for canola and wheat.
- Taxon
- canolaBrassica napus var. napuse2
- Outcome
- N removale1
- Qualifier
- late May and July sowingse0
- Comparator
- wheate1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was similar for both crops from late May and July sowings”
e1“N removal by wheat grain”
e2“canola grain”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advise more N fertilizer for early sown canola than wheat for high grain yields.
- Taxon
- canolaBrassica napus var. napuse0
- Outcome
- more N fertiliser should be applied to canola than wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more N fertiliser should be applied to canola than wheat to obtain high grain yields when both crops are sown early in the season”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that early sowing is essential for nitrogen efficiency, lower N losses and economic returns.
- Taxon
- Canola, Indian mustard, and wheatBrassica junceaTriticum aestivumBrassica napus var. napuse1
- Outcome
- sowing earlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sowing early was essential to achieve high N use efficiency, reduce potential losses of N, and maximise economic returns from N fertiliser”
e1“Canola, Indian mustard, and wheat were grown”
The same questions in other papers
sowing time · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
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