Abstract
Recently, a novel concept ‘bio-effectors’ rose on to describe a group of products that are able to improve plant performance rather than fertilizers. Agro-food processing residues and by-products potentially represent important sources of bio-effectors but they are currently not properly taken in consideration. To fulfill this gap, in these study, three food processing by-products: (i) brewers' spent grain, (ii) fennel processing residues, and (iii) lemon processing residues were chosen as bio-effector candidates. Raw materials were chemically characterized, and green extraction methodology was optimized by using water, ethanol, and their mixture based on the extraction yields. Aqueous extracts were used for seed germination bioassays on Lepidium sativum seeds to evaluate their potential bioactivities. Thereafter, the extracts were chemically characterized and metabolites were detected by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Results are summarized as follows: (i) raw materials showed an interesting nutritional content; (ii) aqueous extraction resulted higher yield more than other used solvent; (iii) at high solvent extraction ratio, aqueous extracts were not phytotoxic but enhanced seed germination and root elongation; ( iv ) all aqueous extracts are differently rich in nutrients, amino-acids, sugars, and other low molecular weight molecule compounds. This study confirmed that efficient and simple recovery of bioactive compounds other than nutrients from agro-food processing by-products appear to be the new frontier in their valorization. ᅟ
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous extracts at high solvent extraction ratio enhanced seed germination and root elongation of Lepidium sativum.
- Taxon
- Lepidium sativum
Lepidium sativume2 - Treatment
- aqueous extractse1
- Outcome
- seed germination and root elongatione1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“at high solvent extraction ratio, aqueous extracts were not phytotoxic but enhanced seed germination and root elongation”
e2“Aqueous extracts were used for seed germination bioassays on Lepidium sativum seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous extracts at high solvent extraction ratio were not phytotoxic to Lepidium sativum.
- Taxon
- Lepidium sativumLepidium sativume2
- Treatment
- aqueous extractse1
- Outcome
- not phytotoxice1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“at high solvent extraction ratio, aqueous extracts were not phytotoxic but enhanced seed germination and root elongation”
e2“Aqueous extracts were used for seed germination bioassays on Lepidium sativum seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous extraction gave a higher yield than the other solvents used.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e3“aqueous extraction resulted higher yield more than other used solvent”
Claim · model-written summary
All aqueous extracts differ in their richness in nutrients, amino acids, sugars and other low molecular weight compounds.
- Outcome
- nutrients, amino-acids, sugarse4
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e4“all aqueous extracts are differently rich in nutrients, amino-acids, sugars, and other low molecular weight molecule compounds”
Claim · model-written summary
Raw by-product materials showed an interesting nutritional content.
- Outcome
- nutritional contente5
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e5“raw materials showed an interesting nutritional content”
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