Abstract
A pot experiment was conducted to study interactive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AMs) and maize (Zea mays L.) straws on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and organic carbon (C) storage in a sterilized sandy loam soil. The experiment included four treatments: control, inoculation with AM fungus Glomus caledonium (M), amendment with maize straw (S), and amendment with maize straw plus inoculation with G. caledonium (S + M). The inoculation of G. caledonium significantly (P < 0.05) increased wheat root biomass and root-to-straw ratio, but had no significant effects on shoot biomass, grain yield, and soil parameters. The amendment of maize straw significantly (P < 0.05) decreased soil pH, wheat root biomass, and root-to-straw ratio, and significantly (P < 0.05) increased soil invertase and alkaline phosphatase activities, but had no significant effects on shoot biomass, grain yield, soil organic C content, and urease activity. The combined application of G. caledonium and maize straw had no significant effects on root mycorrhizal colonization rate compared to the M treatment, while significantly (P < 0.05) increased wheat root biomass and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased soil pH compared to the S treatment, and also significantly (P < 0.05) increased grain yield, soil organic C content, and urease activity compared to the control. The Two-Way ANOVA also showed interactive effects of G. caledonium and maize straw on soil pH (P < 0.05) and wheat grain yield (P < 0.01), and the redundancy analysis result indicated the potential application of AM fungi in straw-returned fields.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
G. caledonium inoculation significantly increased wheat root biomass and root-to-straw ratio.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- inoculation of G. caledoniume0
- Interactor
- G. caledoniumFunneliformis caledoniume0symbiont
- Outcome
- root biomass and root-to-straw ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The inoculation of G. caledonium significantly (P < 0.05) increased wheat root biomass and root-to-straw ratio”
e1“control, inoculation with AM fungus Glomus caledonium (M)”
Claim · model-written summary
G. caledonium inoculation had no significant effect on wheat shoot biomass or grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- inoculation of G. caledoniume1
- Interactor
- G. caledoniumFunneliformis caledoniume1symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot biomass, grain yielde0
- Direction
- no significant effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but had no significant effects on shoot biomass, grain yield, and soil parameters”
e1“The inoculation of G. caledonium”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
G. caledonium inoculation had no significant effect on soil parameters.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- inoculation of G. caledoniume1
- Interactor
- G. caledoniumFunneliformis caledoniume1symbiont
- Outcome
- soil parameterse0
- Direction
- no significant effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but had no significant effects on shoot biomass, grain yield, and soil parameters”
e1“The inoculation of G. caledonium”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize straw amendment significantly decreased soil pH, wheat root biomass and root-to-straw ratio.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- amendment of maize strawe0
- Outcome
- soil pH, wheat root biomass, and root-to-straw ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The amendment of maize straw significantly (P < 0.05) decreased soil pH, wheat root biomass, and root-to-straw ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize straw amendment significantly increased soil invertase and alkaline phosphatase activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- amendment of maize strawe1
- Outcome
- soil invertase and alkaline phosphatase activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly (P < 0.05) increased soil invertase and alkaline phosphatase activities”
e1“The amendment of maize straw”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize straw amendment had no significant effects on shoot biomass, grain yield, soil organic carbon or urease activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- amendment of maize strawe1
- Outcome
- shoot biomass, grain yield, soil organic C content, and urease activitye0
- Direction
- no significant effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but had no significant effects on shoot biomass, grain yield, soil organic C content, and urease activity”
e1“The amendment of maize straw”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fungus and straw treatment did not significantly alter wheat root mycorrhizal colonization relative to fungus alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of G. caledonium and maize strawe0
- Interactor
- G. caledoniumFunneliformis caledoniume0symbiont
- Outcome
- root mycorrhizal colonization ratee0
- Direction
- no significant effectse0
- Comparator
- M treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of G. caledonium and maize straw had no significant effects on root mycorrhizal colonization rate compared to the M treatment”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fungus and straw treatment increased wheat root biomass relative to straw alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- combined application of G. caledonium and maize strawe1
- Interactor
- G. caledoniumFunneliformis caledoniume1symbiont
- Outcome
- root biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- S treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly (P < 0.05) increased wheat root biomass and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased soil pH compared to the S treatment”
e1“combined application of G. caledonium and maize straw”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fungus and straw treatment decreased soil pH relative to straw alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- combined application of G. caledonium and maize strawe1
- Interactor
- G. caledoniumFunneliformis caledoniume1symbiont
- Outcome
- soil pHe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- S treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly (P < 0.05) increased wheat root biomass and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased soil pH compared to the S treatment”
e1“combined application of G. caledonium and maize straw”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fungus and straw treatment significantly increased wheat grain yield, soil organic carbon and urease activity relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of G. caledonium and maize strawe1
- Interactor
- G. caledoniumFunneliformis caledoniume1symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yield, soil organic C content, and urease activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly (P < 0.05) increased grain yield, soil organic C content, and urease activity compared to the control”
e1“combined application of G. caledonium and maize straw”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungus and straw interacted in effects on soil pH.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- maize strawe0
- Interactor
- G. caledoniumFunneliformis caledoniume0symbiont
- Outcome
- soil pHe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interactive effects of G. caledonium and maize straw on soil pH (P < 0.05)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungus and straw interacted in effects on wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- maize strawe0
- Interactor
- G. caledoniumFunneliformis caledoniume0symbiont
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interactive effects of G. caledonium and maize straw on soil pH (P < 0.05) and wheat grain yield (P < 0.01)”
Claim · model-written summary
Redundancy analysis indicated potential use of AM fungi in straw-returned fields.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae0symbiont
- Outcome
- potential application of AM fungi in straw-returned fieldse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the redundancy analysis result indicated the potential application of AM fungi in straw-returned fields”
t0“wheat”
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