Abstract
Crop growth and development, as well as yield, are the result of the efficiency of the chosen agricultural management system within the boundaries of the agro-ecological environment. End of season yield results do not permit the evaluation of within season management interactions with the production environment and do not allow for full understanding of the management practice applied. Crop growth and development were measured during the 2017, 2018 and 2019 crop cycles with an optical handheld NDVI sensor for all plots of the different management treatments of a long-term (since 2015) sustainability trial. Cropping systems varying in (1) crop rotation [winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) after maize (Zea mays L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) after sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) after winter pea (Pisum sativum L.)], (2) tillage (chisel tillage vs. no tillage), (3) residue management (chopped vs. anchored) and (4) N fertilization rate (N0, N50, N100 and N150) were compared. The NDVI handheld sensor was evaluated as a tool to monitor crop growth and development and was found to be an excellent tool for this purpose. The measurement with the handheld sensor was non-destructive and fast so that representative plot area could be measured easly and time efficiently. Crop rotation influnced early crop growth, with lower NDVI values for crops sown after maize and sunflower than crops after pea. The differences between the rotations diminished later in the growing season, and there was no advers effect on final yield. Fertilization rate significantly increased the NDVI values compared to non-fertilized plots. No tillage with residue retention, chopped or anchored, was characterized by a slower initial growth than chisel tillage practices, but this was compensated for by increased crop performance in the later stages. The results indicated that different rotation, tillage, residue management and N fertilization rate practices influence crop growth and development. It is important to monitor and understand crop growth under different management systems to select the right varieties and adjust timing and practice of input supply in each cropping system.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
A handheld NDVI sensor was judged an excellent tool for monitoring crop growth and development.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- excellent tool for this purposee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NDVI handheld sensor was evaluated as a tool to monitor crop growth and development and was found to be an excellent tool for this purpose.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The handheld sensor measured representative plot area quickly and without destroying plants.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- non-destructive and faste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The measurement with the handheld sensor was non-destructive and fast so that representative plot area could be measured easly and time efficiently.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat after maize had lower early NDVI than wheat after pea.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- after maizee0
- Outcome
- NDVI valuese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- after peae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop rotation influnced early crop growth, with lower NDVI values for crops sown after maize and sunflower than crops after pea.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat after sunflower had lower early NDVI than wheat after pea.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sunflowere0
- Outcome
- NDVI valuese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- after peae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop rotation influnced early crop growth, with lower NDVI values for crops sown after maize and sunflower than crops after pea.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation differences in NDVI diminished later in the season.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- rotationse0
- Outcome
- differences between the rotationse0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The differences between the rotations diminished later in the growing season”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop rotations had no adverse effect on final yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Crop rotatione1
- Outcome
- final yielde0
- Direction
- no advers effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no advers effect on final yield.”
e1“Crop rotation influnced early crop growth”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization increased NDVI significantly compared with unfertilized plots.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Fertilization ratee0
- Outcome
- NDVI valuese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- non-fertilized plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fertilization rate significantly increased the NDVI values compared to non-fertilized plots.”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage with chopped residue had slower initial growth than chisel tillage.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- No tillage with residue retention, choppede0
- Outcome
- initial growthe0
- Direction
- slowere0
- Comparator
- chisel tillage practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No tillage with residue retention, chopped or anchored, was characterized by a slower initial growth than chisel tillage practices”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage with anchored residue had slower initial growth than chisel tillage.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- anchorede0
- Outcome
- initial growthe0
- Direction
- slowere0
- Comparator
- chisel tillage practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No tillage with residue retention, chopped or anchored, was characterized by a slower initial growth than chisel tillage practices”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Later crop performance under no tillage compensated for slower initial growth.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- No tillagee1
- Outcome
- crop performancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this was compensated for by increased crop performance in the later stages.”
e1“No tillage with residue retention, chopped or anchored”
t0“Winter Wheat”
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