Abstract
Based on a 20-year fertilization experiment with wheat-maize double cropping system, the effects of different long-term fertilization treatments on leaf photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield in different winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were studied in the growing seasons of 2000-2001 and 2001-2002. A total of nine fertilization treatments were implemented, i.e. no fertilizer (CK), N fertilizer (N), N and P fertilizers (NP), N and K fertilizers (NK), N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK), only organic manure (M), organic manure and N fertilizer (MN), organic manure and N and P fertilizers (MNP), and organic manure and N, P, and K fertilizers (MNPK). With the treatments of combined organic manure and inorganic fertilizers (TMI), net photosynthetic rate (PN), maximal activity of photosystem 2, PS2 (Fv/Fm), and chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of flag leaves and leaf area index (LAI) were much higher at the mid grain filling stage (20 or 23 d post anthesis, DPA), and exhibited slower declines at the late grain filling stage (30 DPA), compared with the treatments of only inorganic fertilizers (TI). The maximal canopy photosynthetic traits expressed as PNĂLAI and SPADĂLAI at the mid grain filling stage were also higher in TMI than those in TI, which resulted in different grain yields in TMI and TI. Among the treatments of TMI or among the treatments of TI, both flag leaf and canopy photosynthetic abilities and yield levels increased with the supplement of inorganic nutrients (N, P, and K fertilizers), except for the treatment of NK. Under NK, soil contents of N and K increased while that of P decreased. Hence the unbalanced nutrients in soil from the improper input of nutrients in NK treatment were probably responsible for the reduced flag leaf and canopy photosynthetic characteristics and LAI, and for the fast declining of flag leaf photosynthetic traits during grain filling, resulting in the reduced yield of NK similar to the level of CK.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Combined organic manure and inorganic fertilizer gave higher flag-leaf photosynthetic rate, photosystem 2 activity, chlorophyll content, and leaf area index at mid grain filling than inorganic fertilizers alone.
- Taxon
- Winter Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Treatment
- combined organic manure and inorganic fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate (PN), maximal activity of photosystem 2, PS2 (Fv/Fm), and chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of flag leaves and leaf area index (LAI)e0
- Direction
- much highere0
- Qualifier
- mid grain filling stage (20 or 23 d post anthesis, DPA)e0
- Comparator
- only inorganic fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the treatments of combined organic manure and inorganic fertilizers (TMI), net photosynthetic rate (PN), maximal activity of photosystem 2, PS2 (Fv/Fm), and chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of flag leaves and leaf area index (LAI) were much higher at the mid grain filling stage (20 or 23 d post anthesis, DPA), and exhibited slower declines at the late grain filling stage (30 DPA), compared with the treatments of only inorganic fertilizers (TI)”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined organic and inorganic fertilizer slowed the late grain-filling decline in flag-leaf photosynthetic traits relative to inorganic fertilizers alone.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined organic manure and inorganic fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- declinese0
- Direction
- slower declinese0
- Qualifier
- late grain filling stage (30 DPA)e0
- Comparator
- only inorganic fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exhibited slower declines at the late grain filling stage (30 DPA), compared with the treatments of only inorganic fertilizers (TI)”
e1“combined organic manure and inorganic fertilizers (TMI)”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined organic and inorganic fertilizer produced higher canopy photosynthetic traits at mid grain filling than inorganic fertilizers alone.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined organic manure and inorganic fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- maximal canopy photosynthetic traits expressed as PNĂLAI and SPADĂLAIe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- mid grain filling stagee0
- Comparator
- only inorganic fertilizerse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximal canopy photosynthetic traits expressed as PNĂLAI and SPADĂLAI at the mid grain filling stage were also higher in TMI than those in TI”
e1“combined organic manure and inorganic fertilizers (TMI)”
e2“only inorganic fertilizers (TI)”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The organic-plus-inorganic and inorganic-only treatments produced different grain yields.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- different grain yieldse0
- Comparator
- TMI and TIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which resulted in different grain yields in TMI and TI”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Within both fertilizer treatment classes, added N, P, and K raised flag-leaf and canopy photosynthetic abilities, except under NK.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- supplement of inorganic nutrients (N, P, and K fertilizers)e0
- Outcome
- flag leaf and canopy photosynthetic abilitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- except for the treatment of NKe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among the treatments of TMI or among the treatments of TI, both flag leaf and canopy photosynthetic abilities and yield levels increased with the supplement of inorganic nutrients (N, P, and K fertilizers), except for the treatment of NK”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Within both fertilizer treatment classes, added N, P, and K raised yield levels except under NK.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- supplement of inorganic nutrients (N, P, and K fertilizers)e0
- Outcome
- yield levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- except for the treatment of NKe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among the treatments of TMI or among the treatments of TI, both flag leaf and canopy photosynthetic abilities and yield levels increased with the supplement of inorganic nutrients (N, P, and K fertilizers), except for the treatment of NK”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NK increased soil N and K but decreased soil P.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NKe0
- Outcome
- soil contents of N and K increased while that of P decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under NK, soil contents of N and K increased while that of P decreased”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed reduced photosynthetic characteristics and leaf area index under NK to nutrient imbalance in soil.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NK treatmente0
- Outcome
- flag leaf and canopy photosynthetic characteristics and LAIe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- unbalanced nutrients in soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the unbalanced nutrients in soil from the improper input of nutrients in NK treatment were probably responsible for the reduced flag leaf and canopy photosynthetic characteristics and LAI”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed the rapid decline in flag-leaf photosynthetic traits under NK to nutrient imbalance.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NK treatmente0
- Outcome
- flag leaf photosynthetic traitse0
- Direction
- fast declininge0
- Qualifier
- unbalanced nutrients in soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the unbalanced nutrients in soil from the improper input of nutrients in NK treatment were probably responsible for the reduced flag leaf and canopy photosynthetic characteristics and LAI, and for the fast declining of flag leaf photosynthetic traits during grain filling”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NK reduced yield to near the unfertilized control level.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N and K fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- similar to the level of CKe0
- Comparator
- no fertilizere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in the reduced yield of NK similar to the level of CK”
e1“N and K fertilizers (NK)”
e2“no fertilizer (CK)”
t0“Winter Wheat”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.