Abstract
Abstract Wheat productivity is severely hampered by drought, owing to its negative impacts on crop growth and development. For obtaining better yield, the impacts of drought should be ameliorated. Therefore, the current study scrutinizes the potential of different silicon (Si) forms to minify the drought-associated reduction in yield and the changes in nutrients accumulation. In a strip plots design based on randomized complete block arrangement using 3 replicates, two field experiments were carried out in 2019/20 and 2020/21 seasons. Three silicon (Si) forms (potassium silicate, calcium silicate, and aluminum silicate), in addition to the control (tap water) were sprayed. Also, three irrigation regimes were applied as ratio of crop evapotranspiration (60, 80 and 100%, denoted Irr60, Irr80 and Irr100, respectively). Findings clarified that application of aluminum silicate in both seasons, in addition to calcium silicate in the second season recorded the maximum accumulation of Si in wheat plants. Supplying wheat plants with different forms of Si reduced zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) and increased Si compared to the control (no Si application). Irr100 possessed increase in accumulation of Si in plant tissues greater than Irr80 or Irr60. Significant increases in all agronomic traits of wheat were obtained owing to spraying any Si form compared to the control. The differences between potassium silicate, calcium silicate, and aluminum silicate were not significant in flag leaf greenness (SPAD value), grains weight spike −1 , weight of 1000 grains, and grain yield ha −1 in 2020/21 season. Irr100 was the effective treatment for enhancing SPAD value, spike length, grains weight spike −1 , weight of 1000 grains, and grain yield ha −1 . When irrigation water was reduced by 20% (Irr80), the lowest reduction in grain yield was obtained with potassium silicate compared to other forms of Si. It could be concluded that since lower accumulation of Si in plant tissues under water deficit than well-watered was recorded, the spraying of Si is great of importance to be applied under drought stress.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum silicate maximized wheat silicon accumulation in both seasons.
- Taxon
- wheat plants
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- aluminum silicatee0
- Outcome
- accumulation of Sie0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of aluminum silicate in both seasons, in addition to calcium silicate in the second season recorded the maximum accumulation of Si in wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium silicate maximized wheat silicon accumulation in the second season.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- calcium silicatee0
- Outcome
- accumulation of Sie0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Qualifier
- second seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium silicate in the second season recorded the maximum accumulation of Si in wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon forms reduced zinc and manganese accumulation versus no silicon.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- different forms of Sie0
- Outcome
- zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- control (no Si application)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supplying wheat plants with different forms of Si reduced zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) and increased Si compared to the control (no Si application)”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon forms increased silicon accumulation versus no silicon.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- different forms of Sie0
- Outcome
- Sie0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control (no Si application)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supplying wheat plants with different forms of Si reduced zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) and increased Si compared to the control (no Si application)”
Claim · model-written summary
Full irrigation produced greater plant tissue silicon accumulation than the two deficit regimes.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Irr100e0
- Outcome
- accumulation of Si in plant tissuese0
- Direction
- greater thane0
- Comparator
- Irr80 or Irr60e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irr100 possessed increase in accumulation of Si in plant tissues greater than Irr80 or Irr60”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Every silicon form significantly increased wheat agronomic traits versus control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- spraying any Si forme0
- Outcome
- all agronomic traitse0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant increases in all agronomic traits of wheat were obtained owing to spraying any Si form compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
The three silicon forms did not differ significantly in flag leaf greenness, grain weight per spike and thousand grain weight.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- potassium silicate, calcium silicate, and aluminum silicatee0
- Outcome
- flag leaf greenness (SPAD value), grains weight spike −1 , weight of 1000 grainse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The differences between potassium silicate, calcium silicate, and aluminum silicate were not significant in flag leaf greenness (SPAD value), grains weight spike −1 , weight of 1000 grains, and grain yield ha −1 in 2020/21 season”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The three silicon forms did not differ significantly in grain yield in 2020/21.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- potassium silicate, calcium silicate, and aluminum silicatee0
- Outcome
- grain yield ha −1e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The differences between potassium silicate, calcium silicate, and aluminum silicate were not significant in flag leaf greenness (SPAD value), grains weight spike −1 , weight of 1000 grains, and grain yield ha −1 in 2020/21 season”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Full irrigation enhanced SPAD value, spike length and grain weight per spike.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Irr100e0
- Outcome
- SPAD value, spike length, grains weight spike −1e0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irr100 was the effective treatment for enhancing SPAD value, spike length, grains weight spike −1 , weight of 1000 grains, and grain yield ha −1”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Full irrigation enhanced thousand grain weight and grain yield.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Irr100e0
- Outcome
- weight of 1000 grains, and grain yield ha −1e0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irr100 was the effective treatment for enhancing SPAD value, spike length, grains weight spike −1 , weight of 1000 grains, and grain yield ha −1”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20% reduced irrigation, potassium silicate gave the smallest grain yield reduction among silicon forms.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- potassium silicatee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- lowest reductione0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Comparator
- other forms of Sie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When irrigation water was reduced by 20% (Irr80), the lowest reduction in grain yield was obtained with potassium silicate compared to other forms of Si”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit yielded lower plant tissue silicon accumulation than well-watered conditions.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- water deficite0
- Outcome
- accumulation of Si in plant tissuese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- well-waterede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower accumulation of Si in plant tissues under water deficit than well-watered was recorded”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend silicon sprays under drought stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- spraying of Sie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the spraying of Si is great of importance to be applied under drought stress”
t0“Wheat”
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8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.