Abstract
Leaf streak, caused by Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa, is the major bacterial disease of wheat in Brazil and other countries worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of silicon (Si) on disease development and the biochemical mechanisms possibly involved in resistance potentialized by this element. Plants of cv. BR-18, susceptible to leaf streak, were grown in plastic pots containing Si-deficient soil amended with either calcium silicate (+Si) or calcium carbonate (−Si). The content of Si increased (P ≤ 0.05) by 96.5% for the +Si when compared with −Si treatment. There was no difference (P ≥ 0.05) between Si treatments for calcium content on leaf tissue, so variations in Si accounted for differences in the level of resistance to leaf streak. There was no difference (P ≥ 0.05) between Si treatments for incubation period, latent period, necrotic leaf area, and severity estimated by the software quant. However, chlorotic leaf area was reduced (P ≤ 0.05) by 50.2% for the +Si when compared with −Si treatment. There was no difference (P ≥ 0.05) between Si treatments for the bacteria population on leaf tissue; however, the values seemed to be somewhat lower in the +Si treatment from 4 to 8 days after inoculation (d.a.i.) on leaves from plants supplied with Si. There was no difference (P ≥ 0.05) between Si treatments for electrolyte leakage. The concentration of total soluble phenolics and lignin-thioglycolic acid (LTGA) derivatives did not show any apparent signs of increase during the course of infection and seemed to be slightly higher on plants not supplied with Si at the most advanced stages of bacterial infection. Chitinase activity was high at the most advanced stages of bacterial infection on leaves from +Si treatment and probably affected bacterial growth on leaf tissue. Peroxidase activity following bacterial infection was not increased by Si, but can be linked with the highest concentration of LTGA derivatives at 12 d.a.i. of plants supplied with Si. Polyphenoloxidase activity did not affect wheat resistance to leaf streak regarding of the Si treatments. The results clearly suggest that supplying Si to wheat plants can increase resistance to leaf streak possibly through an increase in tissue lignification and the participation of chitinases and peroxidases.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon supply increased leaf Si content by 96.5% relative to no silicon
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- BR-18e1
- Treatment
- calcium silicate (+Si)e1
- Outcome
- content of Sie2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 96.5%e2
- Comparator
- calcium carbonate (−Si)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak Mediated by Silicon”
e1“Plants of cv. BR-18, susceptible to leaf streak, were grown in plastic pots containing Si-deficient soil amended with either calcium silicate (+Si) or calcium carbonate (−Si)”
e2“The content of Si increased (P ≤ 0.05) by 96.5% for the +Si when compared with −Si treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon supply reduced chlorotic leaf area of wheat by 50.2% relative to no silicon
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- calcium silicate (+Si)e1
- Outcome
- chlorotic leaf areae3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 50.2%e3
- Comparator
- calcium carbonate (−Si)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak Mediated by Silicon”
e1“Plants of cv. BR-18, susceptible to leaf streak, were grown in plastic pots containing Si-deficient soil amended with either calcium silicate (+Si) or calcium carbonate (−Si)”
e3“chlorotic leaf area was reduced (P ≤ 0.05) by 50.2% for the +Si when compared with −Si treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon supply made no difference to incubation period, latent period or necrotic leaf area
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- calcium silicate (+Si)e1
- Outcome
- incubation period, latent period, necrotic leaf areae4
- Direction
- no differencee4
- Comparator
- calcium carbonate (−Si)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak Mediated by Silicon”
e1“Plants of cv. BR-18, susceptible to leaf streak, were grown in plastic pots containing Si-deficient soil amended with either calcium silicate (+Si) or calcium carbonate (−Si)”
e4“There was no difference (P ≥ 0.05) between Si treatments for incubation period, latent period, necrotic leaf area”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon supply made no difference to leaf streak severity estimated by software
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- calcium silicate (+Si)e1
- Outcome
- severity estimated by the software quante5
- Direction
- no differencee5
- Comparator
- calcium carbonate (−Si)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak Mediated by Silicon”
e1“Plants of cv. BR-18, susceptible to leaf streak, were grown in plastic pots containing Si-deficient soil amended with either calcium silicate (+Si) or calcium carbonate (−Si)”
e5“There was no difference (P ≥ 0.05) between Si treatments for incubation period, latent period, necrotic leaf area, and severity estimated by the software quant”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon supply made no difference to calcium content of wheat leaf tissue
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- calcium silicate (+Si)e1
- Outcome
- calcium content on leaf tissuee6
- Direction
- no differencee6
- Comparator
- calcium carbonate (−Si)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak Mediated by Silicon”
e1“Plants of cv. BR-18, susceptible to leaf streak, were grown in plastic pots containing Si-deficient soil amended with either calcium silicate (+Si) or calcium carbonate (−Si)”
e6“There was no difference (P ≥ 0.05) between Si treatments for calcium content on leaf tissue”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon supply made no difference to the bacterial population on leaf tissue
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- calcium silicate (+Si)e1
- Outcome
- bacteria population on leaf tissuee7
- Direction
- no differencee7
- Comparator
- calcium carbonate (−Si)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak Mediated by Silicon”
e1“Plants of cv. BR-18, susceptible to leaf streak, were grown in plastic pots containing Si-deficient soil amended with either calcium silicate (+Si) or calcium carbonate (−Si)”
e7“There was no difference (P ≥ 0.05) between Si treatments for the bacteria population on leaf tissue”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial population on leaf tissue seemed somewhat lower with silicon supply at 4 to 8 days after inoculation
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- +Si treatmente3
- Outcome
- bacteria population on leaf tissuee2
- Direction
- lowere3
- Comparator
- calcium carbonate (−Si)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak Mediated by Silicon”
e1“Plants of cv. BR-18, susceptible to leaf streak, were grown in plastic pots containing Si-deficient soil amended with either calcium silicate (+Si) or calcium carbonate (−Si)”
e2“There was no difference (P ≥ 0.05) between Si treatments for the bacteria population on leaf tissue”
e3“the values seemed to be somewhat lower in the +Si treatment from 4 to 8 days after inoculation (d.a.i.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon supply made no difference to electrolyte leakage from wheat leaves
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- calcium silicate (+Si)e1
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee2
- Direction
- no differencee2
- Comparator
- calcium carbonate (−Si)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak Mediated by Silicon”
e1“Plants of cv. BR-18, susceptible to leaf streak, were grown in plastic pots containing Si-deficient soil amended with either calcium silicate (+Si) or calcium carbonate (−Si)”
e2“There was no difference (P ≥ 0.05) between Si treatments for electrolyte leakage”
Claim · model-written summary
Total soluble phenolics and LTGA derivatives did not increase during wheat infection
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- concentration of total soluble phenolics and lignin-thioglycolic acid (LTGA) derivativese1
- Direction
- increasee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak Mediated by Silicon”
e1“The concentration of total soluble phenolics and lignin-thioglycolic acid (LTGA) derivatives did not show any apparent signs of increase during the course of infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolics and LTGA derivatives seemed slightly higher in wheat not supplied with silicon at the most advanced infection stages
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- not supplied with Sie2
- Outcome
- concentration of total soluble phenolics and lignin-thioglycolic acid (LTGA) derivativese1
- Direction
- highere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak Mediated by Silicon”
e1“The concentration of total soluble phenolics and lignin-thioglycolic acid (LTGA) derivatives did not show any apparent signs of increase during the course of infection”
e2“seemed to be slightly higher on plants not supplied with Si at the most advanced stages of bacterial infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitinase activity was high in silicon-supplied wheat leaves at the most advanced infection stages
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- +Si treatmente1
- Outcome
- Chitinase activitye1
- Direction
- highe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak Mediated by Silicon”
e1“Chitinase activity was high at the most advanced stages of bacterial infection on leaves from +Si treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitinase activity probably reduced growth of Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa on wheat leaves
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa
Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosae0pathogen - Gene
- Chitinasee2
- Outcome
- bacterial growth on leaf tissuee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak Mediated by Silicon”
e0“Leaf streak, caused by Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa, is the major bacterial disease of wheat in Brazil”
e2“Chitinase activity was high at the most advanced stages of bacterial infection on leaves from +Si treatment”
e3“probably affected bacterial growth on leaf tissue”
Claim · model-written summary
Peroxidase activity was not increased by silicon during wheat infection
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Sie2
- Outcome
- Peroxidase activitye2
- Direction
- not increasede2
- Qualifier
- following bacterial infectione2
- Comparator
- calcium carbonate (−Si)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak Mediated by Silicon”
e1“Plants of cv. BR-18, susceptible to leaf streak, were grown in plastic pots containing Si-deficient soil amended with either calcium silicate (+Si) or calcium carbonate (−Si)”
e2“Peroxidase activity following bacterial infection was not increased by Si”
Claim · model-written summary
Peroxidase activity may be linked with the highest LTGA derivative concentration at 12 days after inoculation in silicon-supplied plants
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- plants supplied with Sie1
- Outcome
- concentration of LTGA derivativese1
- Direction
- higheste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak Mediated by Silicon”
e1“can be linked with the highest concentration of LTGA derivatives at 12 d.a.i. of plants supplied with Si”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyphenoloxidase activity did not affect wheat resistance to leaf streak under either silicon treatment
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Si treatmentse1
- Gene
- Polyphenoloxidasee1
- Outcome
- wheat resistance to leaf streake1
- Direction
- did not affecte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Polyphenoloxidase activity did not affect wheat resistance to leaf streak regarding of the Si treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplying silicon to wheat can increase resistance to leaf streak, possibly through tissue lignification and chitinases and peroxidases
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- supplying Sie1
- Outcome
- resistance to leaf streake1
- Direction
- increasee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The results clearly suggest that supplying Si to wheat plants can increase resistance to leaf streak possibly through an increase in tissue lignification and the participation of chitinases and peroxidases”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.