Abstract
Rain-induced cracking of sweet cherry ( Prunus avium L.) fruit is thought to be related to water absorption through the fruit surface. Conductance for water uptake (g tot. uptake ) through the fruit surface of `Sam' sweet cherry was studied gravimetrically by monitoring water penetration from a donor solution of deionized water through segments of the outer pericarp into a polyethyleneglycol (PEG) containing receiver solution. Segments consisting of cuticle plus five to eight cell layers of epidermal and hypodermal tissue were mounted in stainless steel diffusion cells. Conductance was calculated from flow rates of water across the segment and the difference in osmotic potential between donor and receiver solution. Flow rates were constant up to 12 hours and decreased thereafter. A log normal distribution of g tot. uptake was observed with a median of 0.97 × 10 -7 m·s -1 . Further, g tot. uptake was not affected by storage duration (up to 71 days) of fruit used as a source of segments, thickness of segments (range 0.1 to 4.8 mm), or segment area exposed in the diffusion cell. Osmolality of the receiver solution in the range from 1140 to 3400 mmol·kg -1 had no effect on g tot. uptake (1.45 ± 0.42 × 10 -7 m·s -1 ), but g tot. uptake increased by 301% (4.37 ± 0.46 × 10 -7 m·s -1 ) at 300 mmol·kg -1 . g tot. uptake was highest in the stylar scar region of the fruit (1.44 ± 0.16 × 10 -7 m·s -1 ) followed by cheek (1.02 ±0.21 × 10 -7 m·s -1 ), suture (0.57 ±0.17 × 10 -7 m·s -1 ) and pedicel cavity regions (0.22 ±0.09 × 10 -7 m·s -1 ). Across regions, g tot. uptake was related positively to stomatal density. Extracting total cuticular wax by dipping fruit in chloroform/methanol increased g tot. uptake from 1.18 ± 0.23 × 10 -7 m·s -1 to 2.58 ± 0.41 × 10 -7 m·s -1 , but removing epicuticular wax by cellulose acetate stripping had no effect (1.59 ± 0.28 × 10 -7 m·s -1 ). Water flux increased with increasing temperature (range 20 to 45 °C). Conductance differed between cultivars with `Hedelfinger' sweet cherry having the highest g tot. uptake (2.81 ± 0.26 × 10 -7 m·s -1 ), followed by `Namare' (2.68 ± 0.26 × 10 -7 m·s -1 ), `Kordia' (0.96 ± 0.14 × 10 -7 m·s -1 ), `Sam' (0.87 ± 0.15 × 10 -7 m·s -1 ), and `Adriana' (0.33 ± 0.02 × 10 -7 m·s -1 ). The diffusion cell system described herein may be useful in analyzing conductance in water uptake through the fruit surface of sweet cherry and its potential relevance for fruit cracking.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Flow was constant for 12 hours, then decreased.
- Taxon
- Sweet Cherry
Prunus aviumt0 - Outcome
- Flow ratese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Cherry”
e0“Flow rates were constant up to 12 hours and decreased thereafter.”
Claim · model-written summary
Median conductance was 0.97 × 10 -7 m·s -1.
- Taxon
- Sweet CherryPrunus aviumt0
- Outcome
- g tot. uptakee0
- Value
- 0.97 × 10 -7 m·s -1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Cherry”
e0“A log normal distribution of g tot. uptake was observed with a median of 0.97 × 10 -7 m·s -1 .”
Claim · model-written summary
Storage duration, segment thickness, and exposed area did not affect conductance.
- Taxon
- Sweet CherryPrunus aviumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Outcome
- g tot. uptakee0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Cherry”
e0“g tot. uptake was not affected by storage duration (up to 71 days) of fruit used as a source of segments, thickness of segments (range 0.1 to 4.8 mm), or segment area exposed in the diffusion cell.”
Claim · model-written summary
Receiver osmolality from 1140 to 3400 mmol·kg -1 had no effect on conductance.
- Taxon
- Sweet CherryPrunus aviumt0
- Outcome
- g tot. uptakee0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Value
- 1.45 ± 0.42 × 10 -7 m·s -1e0
- Setting
- receiver solutione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Cherry”
e0“Osmolality of the receiver solution in the range from 1140 to 3400 mmol·kg -1 had no effect on g tot. uptake (1.45 ± 0.42 × 10 -7 m·s -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
At 300 mmol·kg -1 conductance increased by 301%.
- Taxon
- Sweet CherryPrunus aviumt0
- Outcome
- g tot. uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 301%e0
- Setting
- 300 mmol·kg -1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Cherry”
e0“g tot. uptake increased by 301% (4.37 ± 0.46 × 10 -7 m·s -1 ) at 300 mmol·kg -1 .”
Claim · model-written summary
Conductance was highest in the stylar scar.
- Taxon
- Sweet CherryPrunus aviumt0
- Organ / stage
- stylar scar region of the fruite0
- Outcome
- g tot. uptakee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.44 ± 0.16 × 10 -7 m·s -1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Cherry”
e0“g tot. uptake was highest in the stylar scar region of the fruit (1.44 ± 0.16 × 10 -7 m·s -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Conductance was positively related to stomatal density.
- Taxon
- Sweet CherryPrunus aviumt0
- Organ / stage
- regionse0
- Outcome
- g tot. uptakee0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Cherry”
e0“Across regions, g tot. uptake was related positively to stomatal density.”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing total cuticular wax increased conductance.
- Taxon
- Sweet CherryPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- Extracting total cuticular wax by dipping fruit in chloroform/methanole0
- Outcome
- g tot. uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.58 ± 0.41 × 10 -7 m·s -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Cherry”
e0“Extracting total cuticular wax by dipping fruit in chloroform/methanol increased g tot. uptake from 1.18 ± 0.23 × 10 -7 m·s -1 to 2.58 ± 0.41 × 10 -7 m·s -1”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing epicuticular wax had no effect.
- Taxon
- Sweet CherryPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- removing epicuticular wax by cellulose acetate strippinge0
- Outcome
- no effecte0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Value
- 1.59 ± 0.28 × 10 -7 m·s -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Cherry”
e0“removing epicuticular wax by cellulose acetate stripping had no effect (1.59 ± 0.28 × 10 -7 m·s -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Water flux increased with temperature.
- Taxon
- Sweet CherryPrunus aviumt0
- Outcome
- Water fluxe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- temperaturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Cherry”
e0“Water flux increased with increasing temperature (range 20 to 45 °C).”
Claim · model-written summary
Hedelfinger had the highest cultivar conductance.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviume0
- Material
- Hedelfingere0
- Outcome
- g tot. uptakee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.81 ± 0.26 × 10 -7 m·s -1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Cherry”
e0“`Hedelfinger' sweet cherry having the highest g tot. uptake (2.81 ± 0.26 × 10 -7 m·s -1 )”
The same questions in other papers
application · nutrient: content · Prunus avium (sweet cherry)Results agree
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.