Abstract
Marigolds are one of the most popular annual ornamental plants; both, the short-stature cultivars ( Tagetes patula L.) and the taller cultivars ( T. erecta L.) are used as container plants in landscape and garden settings. Tagetes erecta varieties can also make excellent cut and dried flowers for the florists' market. The present study was conducted to evaluate the response of T. patula ‘French Vanilla’ and T. erecta ‘ Flagstaff’ and ‘Yellow Climax’ to irrigation with saline water with and without pH control. Marigold plugs were transplanted into greenhouse sand tanks and established for 1 week under nonsaline conditions. Ten treatments were then applied with electrical conductivities of irrigation water (EC w ) of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 dS·m −1 and pH levels of 6.4 and 7.8. Growth of all three cultivars decreased in response to irrigation with saline waters at pH 6.4. Compared with the nonsaline controls, ‘French Vanilla’ exhibited a 20% to 25% decrease in plant height, leaf dry weight (DW), and shoot DW when irrigated with 4 dS·m −1 water. However, the number of flowering shoots and the diameter and number of flowers were not significantly affected until the EC w exceeded 8 dS·m −1 . Growth of ‘Flagstaff’ and ‘Yellow Climax’ also decreased as EC w increased. Shoot DW of the tall cultivars decreased by 30% and 24%, respectively, in response to the 4 dS·m −1 treatment, but additional salt stress had no further effect on DW production. Marigolds were highly sensitive to high pH. Plants irrigated with nonsaline water with pH at 7.8 exhibited a 50%, 89%, and 84% reduction in shoot DW in ‘French Vanilla’, ‘Flagstaff’, and ‘Yellow Climax’, respectively, compared with plants irrigated with water with pH 6.4. Marigold cultivars were rated as moderately tolerant to salinity because growth was affected when water EC w exceeded 8 dS·m −1 . Salinity tended to reduce internode elongation, resulting in attractive plants. Compactness was not increased as a result of a decrease in DW, resulting in attractive plants, which show great promise as bedding or landscape plants in salt-affected sites provided that the pH of the soil solutions remains acidic. Under our experimental conditions in the sand tank system, the EC w was essentially equivalent to those of the sand soil solution; however, considering that the EC of the sand soil solution is ≈2.2 times the EC of the saturated soil extract (EC e ), our salinity treatments may be estimated as 0.91, 1.82. 2.73, 3.64, and 4.55 dS·m −1 . Thus, the threshold EC w at which marigold cultivars exhibited acceptable growth, 8 dS·m −1 , would be equivalent to EC e of 3.64 dS·m −1 .
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Growth of all three cultivars declined under saline water at pH 6.4.
- Taxon
- Marigoldt0
- Treatment
- irrigation with saline waters at pH 6.4e0
- Outcome
- Growthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Growth of all three cultivars decreased in response to irrigation with saline waters at pH 6.4”
t0“Marigold Plants”
e1“T. patula ‘French Vanilla’ and T. erecta ‘ Flagstaff’ and ‘Yellow Climax’”
Claim · model-written summary
French Vanilla height, leaf dry weight and shoot dry weight fell 20% to 25% under 4 dS·m −1 irrigation.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the nonsaline controls, ‘French Vanilla’ exhibited a 20% to 25% decrease in plant height, leaf dry weight (DW), and shoot DW when irrigated with 4 dS·m −1 water”
t0“Marigold Plants”
e1“T. patula ‘French Vanilla’ and T. erecta ‘ Flagstaff’ and ‘Yellow Climax’”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering shoot number and flower diameter and number were not significantly affected until salinity exceeded 8 dS·m −1.
- Taxon
- Marigoldt0
- Treatment
- EC w exceeded 8 dS·m −1e0
- Outcome
- number of flowering shoots and the diameter and number of flowerse0
- Direction
- not significantly affectede0
- Value
- 8 dS·m −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the number of flowering shoots and the diameter and number of flowers were not significantly affected until the EC w exceeded 8 dS·m −1”
t0“Marigold Plants”
e1“T. patula ‘French Vanilla’ and T. erecta ‘ Flagstaff’ and ‘Yellow Climax’”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth of Flagstaff and Yellow Climax declined as water conductivity rose.
Verbatim
e0“Growth of ‘Flagstaff’ and ‘Yellow Climax’ also decreased as EC w increased”
t0“Marigold Plants”
e1“T. patula ‘French Vanilla’ and T. erecta ‘ Flagstaff’ and ‘Yellow Climax’”
Claim · model-written summary
Flagstaff shoot dry weight fell 30% under 4 dS·m −1 irrigation.
- Taxon
- Marigoldt0
- Material
- ‘Flagstaff’e1
- Treatment
- 4 dS·m −1 treatmente0
- Outcome
- Shoot DWe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Shoot DW of the tall cultivars decreased by 30% and 24%, respectively, in response to the 4 dS·m −1 treatment”
t0“Marigold Plants”
e1“T. patula ‘French Vanilla’ and T. erecta ‘ Flagstaff’ and ‘Yellow Climax’”
Claim · model-written summary
Yellow Climax shoot dry weight fell 24% under 4 dS·m −1 irrigation.
- Taxon
- Marigoldt0
- Material
- ‘Yellow Climax’e1
- Treatment
- 4 dS·m −1 treatmente0
- Outcome
- Shoot DWe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 24%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Shoot DW of the tall cultivars decreased by 30% and 24%, respectively, in response to the 4 dS·m −1 treatment”
t0“Marigold Plants”
e1“T. patula ‘French Vanilla’ and T. erecta ‘ Flagstaff’ and ‘Yellow Climax’”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional salt stress did not further reduce dry weight production in tall cultivars.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“additional salt stress had no further effect on DW production”
t0“Marigold Plants”
e1“T. patula ‘French Vanilla’ and T. erecta ‘ Flagstaff’ and ‘Yellow Climax’”
Claim · model-written summary
At pH 7.8, French Vanilla shoot dry weight was 50% lower than at pH 6.4.
Verbatim
e0“Plants irrigated with nonsaline water with pH at 7.8 exhibited a 50%, 89%, and 84% reduction in shoot DW in ‘French Vanilla’, ‘Flagstaff’, and ‘Yellow Climax’, respectively, compared with plants irrigated with water with pH 6.4”
t0“Marigold Plants”
e1“T. patula ‘French Vanilla’ and T. erecta ‘ Flagstaff’ and ‘Yellow Climax’”
Claim · model-written summary
At pH 7.8, Flagstaff shoot dry weight was 89% lower than at pH 6.4.
Verbatim
e0“Plants irrigated with nonsaline water with pH at 7.8 exhibited a 50%, 89%, and 84% reduction in shoot DW in ‘French Vanilla’, ‘Flagstaff’, and ‘Yellow Climax’, respectively, compared with plants irrigated with water with pH 6.4”
t0“Marigold Plants”
e1“T. patula ‘French Vanilla’ and T. erecta ‘ Flagstaff’ and ‘Yellow Climax’”
Claim · model-written summary
At pH 7.8, Yellow Climax shoot dry weight was 84% lower than at pH 6.4.
Verbatim
e0“Plants irrigated with nonsaline water with pH at 7.8 exhibited a 50%, 89%, and 84% reduction in shoot DW in ‘French Vanilla’, ‘Flagstaff’, and ‘Yellow Climax’, respectively, compared with plants irrigated with water with pH 6.4”
t0“Marigold Plants”
e1“T. patula ‘French Vanilla’ and T. erecta ‘ Flagstaff’ and ‘Yellow Climax’”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced internode elongation.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Salinity tended to reduce internode elongation, resulting in attractive plants”
t0“Marigold Plants”
e1“T. patula ‘French Vanilla’ and T. erecta ‘ Flagstaff’ and ‘Yellow Climax’”
Claim · model-written summary
Compactness did not increase following dry weight reduction.
Verbatim
e0“Compactness was not increased as a result of a decrease in DW”
t0“Marigold Plants”
e1“T. patula ‘French Vanilla’ and T. erecta ‘ Flagstaff’ and ‘Yellow Climax’”
Claim · model-written summary
Marigolds were rated moderately tolerant to salinity.
Verbatim
e0“Marigold cultivars were rated as moderately tolerant to salinity because growth was affected when water EC w exceeded 8 dS·m −1”
e1“T. patula ‘French Vanilla’ and T. erecta ‘ Flagstaff’ and ‘Yellow Climax’”
Claim · model-written summary
An 8 dS·m −1 irrigation threshold corresponded to 3.64 dS·m −1 saturated extract conductivity.
Verbatim
e0“the threshold EC w at which marigold cultivars exhibited acceptable growth, 8 dS·m −1 , would be equivalent to EC e of 3.64 dS·m −1”
e1“T. patula ‘French Vanilla’ and T. erecta ‘ Flagstaff’ and ‘Yellow Climax’”
Claim · model-written summary
Marigolds show promise for salt-affected landscapes if soil solution remains acidic.
Verbatim
e0“show great promise as bedding or landscape plants in salt-affected sites provided that the pH of the soil solutions remains acidic”
t0“Marigold Plants”
e1“T. patula ‘French Vanilla’ and T. erecta ‘ Flagstaff’ and ‘Yellow Climax’”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · growth · Tagetes (marigolds)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
salinity · growth · Tagetes (marigolds)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.