Abstract
Growth of sunflowers in clay loam soil was increased approximately six times with an eightfold increase in soil volume. Added nitrogen and phosphorus increased growth only 30 to 60%. The interaction between soil volumes and fertilizers indicated a greater effect from fertilizers in larger soil volumes than in smaller ones, a result which is opposite to expectation. In sandy loam soil the volume effect was smaller than in the clay, and increases from fertilizers were not evident. The larger the soil volume the lower the root densities, and the higher the fertilizer rate the higher the root densities. Nutrient contents of the plants were increased as much by increased soil volume as by added fertilizers. Higher nutrient contents were generally associated with lower root densities. Additions of N and P fertilizers to these two soils compensated slightly or not at all for small soil volumes that reduced the growth of sunflowers.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
An eightfold soil volume increase raised sunflower growth about sixfold in clay loam.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWER
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- eightfold increase in soil volumee0
- Outcome
- Growth of sunflowerse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- approximately six timese0
- Setting
- clay loam soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth of sunflowers in clay loam soil was increased approximately six times with an eightfold increase in soil volume.”
t0“SUNFLOWER”
Claim · model-written summary
Added nitrogen increased growth by 30–60%.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- nitrogene0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30 to 60%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Added nitrogen and phosphorus increased growth only 30 to 60%.”
t0“SUNFLOWER”
Claim · model-written summary
Added phosphorus increased growth by 30–60%.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- phosphoruse0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30 to 60%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Added nitrogen and phosphorus increased growth only 30 to 60%.”
t0“SUNFLOWER”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer effects on growth were greater in larger soil volumes.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- larger soil volumese0
- Outcome
- effect from fertilizerse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- smaller onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction between soil volumes and fertilizers indicated a greater effect from fertilizers in larger soil volumes than in smaller ones”
t0“SUNFLOWER”
Claim · model-written summary
The soil-volume effect was smaller in sandy loam than clay.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- volume effecte0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Comparator
- the claye0
- Setting
- sandy loam soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In sandy loam soil the volume effect was smaller than in the clay”
t0“SUNFLOWER”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer increases were not evident in sandy loam.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- increasese0
- Direction
- not evidente0
- Setting
- sandy loam soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In sandy loam soil the volume effect was smaller than in the clay, and increases from fertilizers were not evident.”
t0“SUNFLOWER”
Claim · model-written summary
Root density was lower at larger soil volumes.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- soil volumee0
- Outcome
- root densitiese0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The larger the soil volume the lower the root densities”
t0“SUNFLOWER”
Claim · model-written summary
Root density was higher at higher fertilizer rates.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- fertilizer ratee0
- Outcome
- root densitiese0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the higher the fertilizer rate the higher the root densities.”
t0“SUNFLOWER”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased soil volume raised plant nutrient contents.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- increased soil volumee0
- Outcome
- Nutrient contents of the plantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- added fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nutrient contents of the plants were increased as much by increased soil volume as by added fertilizers.”
t0“SUNFLOWER”
Claim · model-written summary
Added fertilizers raised plant nutrient contents.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- added fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- Nutrient contents of the plantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- increased soil volumee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nutrient contents of the plants were increased as much by increased soil volume as by added fertilizers.”
t0“SUNFLOWER”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nutrient contents were associated with lower root densities.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Outcome
- root densitiese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- Higher nutrient contentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher nutrient contents were generally associated with lower root densities.”
t0“SUNFLOWER”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers compensated little, if at all, for small soil volumes that reduced sunflower growth.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- N and P fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- growth of sunflowerse0
- Direction
- slightly or not at alle0
- Qualifier
- small soil volumese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additions of N and P fertilizers to these two soils compensated slightly or not at all for small soil volumes that reduced the growth of sunflowers.”
t0“SUNFLOWER”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results differ
62 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
72 papers more in this group
See all 76 papers →phosphorus · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
31 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
34 papers more in this group
See all 38 papers →fertilization · nutrient: content · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
63 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
67 papers more in this group
See all 71 papers →fertilization · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 134 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
142 papers more in this group
See all 146 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.