Abstract
To study the effects of shading on the growth, development, dry matter partitioning, and plant architecture of broccoli, "Legacy" hybrid plants were grown in pots in a greenhouse under black shading meshes to generate different levels of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The average incident PAR was 23 mol PPF square m/d under control conditions, 15.2 under a 35% mesh, and 6.7 under a 70% mesh. The air temperature was within the range 15-22 deg C. As shading increased so did the duration of the growth cycle and the leaf area (LA). Shading did not affect the number of leaves, although the upper ones were more erect. The stem length and the accumulated intercepted PAR (IPAR) were negatively related. Inflorescence diameter and commercial fresh weight decreased only with the 70% mesh. Shading did not affect stem dry weight (DW) but altered dry matter allocation in the root and spear. The DW of the leaves maintained an average 45.7% of the total DW despite the greater LA developed under shade. The net assimilation rate diminished with the reduction of IPAR, and the LA increased; the plant relative growth rate was therefore practically constant. With increased shading, the leaves and the stem became the dominant photosynthate sinks. The commercial fresh weight achieved with 15.2 mol photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) square m/d was equivalent to that obtained with 23 mol PPF square m/d, but the cycle was extended for 4.5 days. With 6.7 mol PPF square m/d, yield diminished because of the lower DW produced in a cycle extended by 15 days, and because more dry matter was allocated to the stem than to the spear. Based on these results, broccoli could be considered a shade-tolerant plant.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing shade extended the growth cycle and increased leaf area.
- Taxon
- broccoli
Brassica oleracea var. italicat0 - Treatment
- shadinge0
- Outcome
- duration of the growth cycle and the leaf area (LA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As shading increased so did the duration of the growth cycle and the leaf area (LA).”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading did not change the number of leaves.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Outcome
- number of leavese0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shading did not affect the number of leaves”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Upper leaves were more erect under shading.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Outcome
- upper onese0
- Direction
- more erecte0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“although the upper ones were more erect”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem length was negatively associated with accumulated intercepted PAR.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- accumulated intercepted PAR (IPAR)e0
- Outcome
- stem lengthe0
- Direction
- negatively relatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The stem length and the accumulated intercepted PAR (IPAR) were negatively related.”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
The 70% mesh reduced inflorescence diameter and commercial fresh weight.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- 70% meshe0
- Outcome
- Inflorescence diameter and commercial fresh weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inflorescence diameter and commercial fresh weight decreased only with the 70% mesh.”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading did not change stem dry weight.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Outcome
- stem dry weight (DW)e0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shading did not affect stem dry weight (DW)”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading altered dry matter allocation between root and spear.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Outcome
- dry matter allocation in the root and speare0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but altered dry matter allocation in the root and spear.”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf dry weight remained an average 45.7% of total dry weight despite increased leaf area under shade.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- shadee0
- Outcome
- DW of the leavese0
- Value
- 45.7%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The DW of the leaves maintained an average 45.7% of the total DW despite the greater LA developed under shade.”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Net assimilation rate diminished as intercepted PAR fell.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- reduction of IPARe0
- Outcome
- net assimilation ratee0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net assimilation rate diminished with the reduction of IPAR”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative growth rate was practically constant as leaf area increased.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Outcome
- plant relative growth ratee0
- Direction
- practically constante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the LA increased; the plant relative growth rate was therefore practically constant.”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves and stem became dominant photosynthate sinks with increased shading.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and the steme0
- Treatment
- increased shadinge0
- Outcome
- dominant photosynthate sinkse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With increased shading, the leaves and the stem became the dominant photosynthate sinks.”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Commercial fresh weight at 15.2 mol PPF square m/d equaled that at 23 mol PPF square m/d.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- 15.2 mol photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) square m/de0
- Outcome
- commercial fresh weighte0
- Direction
- equivalente0
- Comparator
- 23 mol PPF square m/de0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The commercial fresh weight achieved with 15.2 mol photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) square m/d was equivalent to that obtained with 23 mol PPF square m/d”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
The growth cycle at 15.2 mol PPF square m/d was extended by 4.5 days.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Outcome
- cyclee0
- Direction
- extendede0
- Value
- 4.5 dayse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but the cycle was extended for 4.5 days.”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield diminished at 6.7 mol PPF square m/d.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- 6.7 mol PPF square m/de0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With 6.7 mol PPF square m/d, yield diminished because of the lower DW produced in a cycle extended by 15 days”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
The low-PAR cycle was extended by 15 days.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Outcome
- cyclee0
- Direction
- extendede0
- Value
- 15 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a cycle extended by 15 days”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
More dry matter was allocated to stem than spear at low PAR.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Organ / stage
- steme0
- Outcome
- dry mattere0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- speare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more dry matter was allocated to the stem than to the spear.”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors considered broccoli shade tolerant.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Outcome
- shade-tolerant plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“broccoli could be considered a shade-tolerant plant.”
t0“broccoli”
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