Abstract
The effects of three sulfur products (calcium polysulfide [= lime sulfur], dry flowable sulfur, and ammonium thiosulfate, a plant nutrient), were tested in bioassays against a predatory mite, Galandromus occidentalis (Nesbitt), and two species of tetranychid (pest) mites, twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) and European red mite [Panonychus ulmi (Koch)]. Calcium polysulfide and ammonium thiosulfate were acutely toxic on contact to adult females of all three mite species, causing 58-100% mortality in 48 h. Dry flowable sulfur, in contrast, was nontoxic to adults of all three species. Fresh residues of the sulfur products were essentially nontoxic to females of G. occidentalis and T. urticae. Galandromus occidentalis consumed 8.2 and 4.0x fewer prey contaminated with residues of calcium polysulfide and ammonium thiosulfate; dry flowable sulfur had no effect on prey consumption. Higher posttreatment temperatures (32 versus 18 degrees C) did not affect the toxicity of dry flowable sulfur to G. occidentalis and T. urticae. The toxic effect of the sulfur products was not related to the concentration of elemental S but rather to some intrinsic characteristic of the compound itself. There were substantial differences in the responses of different stages of G. occidentalis. Residues that were nontoxic to adult females were highly toxic to hatching larvae, including those of dry flowable sulfur. In addition, all three products were highly repellent to adult female G. occidentalis. The lethal effect of calcium polysulfide on larvae was still present when the laboratory-aged residues on bean leaves were 8-9 d old. Field-aged residues on apple (Malus spp.) leaves were highly toxic (89% mortality) after 7 d, but mortality declined to 50 and 17% after 14 and 22 d, respectively. The increasing use of sulfur-containing products is detrimental to predatory mites and may play a role in the diminishing effectiveness of integrated mite control in Washington apple orchards.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium polysulfide was acutely toxic to all three mite species.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- Calcium polysulfidee0
- Interactor
- Mitese1pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- toxice0
- Value
- 58-100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium polysulfide and ammonium thiosulfate were acutely toxic on contact to adult females of all three mite species, causing 58-100% mortality in 48 h.”
t0“apple orchards”
e1“Orchard Mites”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium thiosulfate was acutely toxic to all three mite species.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- ammonium thiosulfatee0
- Interactor
- Mitese1pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- toxice0
- Value
- 58-100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium polysulfide and ammonium thiosulfate were acutely toxic on contact to adult females of all three mite species, causing 58-100% mortality in 48 h.”
t0“apple orchards”
e1“Orchard Mites”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry flowable sulfur was nontoxic to adult mites.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Dry flowable sulfure0
- Interactor
- Mitese1pest
- Outcome
- adults of all three speciese0
- Direction
- nontoxice0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dry flowable sulfur, in contrast, was nontoxic to adults of all three species.”
t0“apple orchards”
e1“Orchard Mites”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh sulfur residues were essentially nontoxic to adult female predatory and pest mites.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- G. occidentalise0other
- Outcome
- females of G. occidentalis and T. urticaee0
- Direction
- nontoxice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fresh residues of the sulfur products were essentially nontoxic to females of G. occidentalis and T. urticae.”
t0“apple orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium polysulfide residues reduced prey consumption by the predatory mite 8.2 fold.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- calcium polysulfidee0
- Interactor
- Galandromus occidentalise0other
- Outcome
- Galandromus occidentalis consumede0
- Direction
- fewere0
- Value
- 8.2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Galandromus occidentalis consumed 8.2 and 4.0x fewer prey contaminated with residues of calcium polysulfide and ammonium thiosulfate”
t0“apple orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium thiosulfate residues reduced prey consumption by the predatory mite 4.0 fold.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- ammonium thiosulfatee0
- Interactor
- Galandromus occidentalise0other
- Outcome
- Galandromus occidentalis consumede0
- Direction
- fewere0
- Value
- 4.0xe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Galandromus occidentalis consumed 8.2 and 4.0x fewer prey contaminated with residues of calcium polysulfide and ammonium thiosulfate”
t0“apple orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry flowable sulfur did not affect prey consumption.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- dry flowable sulfure0
- Interactor
- Mitese1pest
- Outcome
- prey consumptione0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry flowable sulfur had no effect on prey consumption.”
t0“apple orchards”
e1“Orchard Mites”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher temperature did not affect dry sulfur toxicity to two mites.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Higher posttreatment temperaturese0
- Interactor
- G. occidentalise0other
- Outcome
- toxicity of dry flowable sulfure0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
- Comparator
- 18 degrees Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher posttreatment temperatures (32 versus 18 degrees C) did not affect the toxicity of dry flowable sulfur to G. occidentalis and T. urticae.”
t0“apple orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur product toxicity was unrelated to elemental sulfur concentration.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Mitese1pest
- Compound
- elemental Se0
- Outcome
- toxic effecte0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The toxic effect of the sulfur products was not related to the concentration of elemental S but rather to some intrinsic characteristic of the compound itself.”
t0“apple orchards”
e1“Orchard Mites”
Claim · model-written summary
Residues nontoxic to adult female mites were highly toxic to hatching larvae.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Mitese1pest
- Outcome
- hatching larvaee0
- Direction
- highly toxice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Residues that were nontoxic to adult females were highly toxic to hatching larvae, including those of dry flowable sulfur.”
t0“apple orchards”
e1“Orchard Mites”
Claim · model-written summary
All three products repelled adult female predatory mites.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- G. occidentalise0other
- Outcome
- adult female G. occidentalise0
- Direction
- highly repellente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all three products were highly repellent to adult female G. occidentalis.”
t0“apple orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium polysulfide residues remained lethal to larvae after 8-9 days on bean leaves.
Verbatim
e0“The lethal effect of calcium polysulfide on larvae was still present when the laboratory-aged residues on bean leaves were 8-9 d old.”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple leaf field residues caused 89% mite mortality after 7 days.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field-aged residues on apple (Malus spp.) leaves were highly toxic (89% mortality) after 7 d”
t0“apple orchards”
e1“Orchard Mites”
Claim · model-written summary
Mortality from apple leaf residues declined to 50% after 14 days.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mortality declined to 50 and 17% after 14 and 22 d, respectively.”
t0“apple orchards”
e1“Orchard Mites”
Claim · model-written summary
Mortality from apple leaf residues declined to 17% after 22 days.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mortality declined to 50 and 17% after 14 and 22 d, respectively.”
t0“apple orchards”
e1“Orchard Mites”
The same questions in other papers
sulfur atom · pest · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
calcium atom · pest · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.